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5 0 4 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
Elatine hydropiper of Western Europe. Called in Britain ivater-wort or water-pepper (Prior)
and the C A L L I T R j C H E hot to the taste according to Pliny xxv. 86, grow'ing in wet shaded situa!
tions, Its leaves lentil-hke, stems resembling a slender rush, and root diminutive,— may be compared •
“ waeter-wyrt ” is mentioned in the Anglo-Sa.xon transl. Apul. 48 ; “ piper aqua.” is enumerated among
potherbs by Franciscus Pedemontium; and E. hydropiper is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Vaill. par. pl. 2, Hoffm. germ., Schuhr pl. 109, and P ers.).
Sinapis juncea of Eastern Asia. The Indian mustard \s called in Egypt “ kabar” and the seeds
“ khardel” (Forsk., and D eb), in Sanscrit “ sarshapa” (J. F. Wats.), in Hindustanee “ .sarsaf ” in Ben-
galee “ sarshapa” or “ sarshya” (D ’roz.) or “ rai,” in Tamil “ kudaghoo” (D rur.); and the third or
G R A C I L E kmd of S I N A P I, mentioned by Pliny xix. 54 to xx. 87, as well as the mustard seed
biought from Egypt. — may be compared : S. juncea was observed by Delile in the cultivated fields
ot Egypt. Eastward, the protecting flour on a boy’s forehead mentioned by Bhavabhuti 9 — is referred
by H H. Wilson to white mustard ; and the “ sarshapa” as an external application is prescribed in
le stanzas of the Ayurvedas (Susrut. chik. 5) ; S. juncea, according to Wight i. 20, and Drury, is
cultivated ail over India; is known to occur also in China (Pers.).
Dentaria enneapiiylla of the mountains of Austria as far as Italy. The ENN E A P H Y L L O N having
according to Phny xxvn. 54 nine long leaves and exciting pustules if applied externally, — is
referred here by wnters : D. enneaphylla is described by Linnæus ; was observed by Scopoli in Car-
niolia ; and is known to grow in calcareous soil on the mountains of Austria as far as Silesia (Taco austr. pl. 316, Pers., Grabowsk., and A. D ec.).
R esey alba of the Mediterranean countries. Called in France with other species “ reseda”
(Nugent), m Germany “ resede” or “ resedenkraut” (Grieb), in Greece “ aggëiotra” o r “ 5hètra”
(Sibth ), and the RESEDAAA herb of Pliny xxvii. 106 — is referred here 10 Sprengel- R alba is
termed “ r. foliis calcitrapæ flore albo ” by Tournefort in.st. 423 ? ; was observed by Forskal amon»
rabbish on Maka ; and is known to grow in Barbary, Spain, and as far as Montpellier in France (Pers",
Dec. fl. fr„ and Steud.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Pelop onnesus.
Lychnisfvespertina')oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The MALVNDRVM herb
growing according to Pliny xxvi. 24 in meads and grain-fieid.s, its flower white and fragrant,— !?
referred heie by Clusius, Sprengel, and others : L. vespertina is termed “ 1. sylvestris alba” by Tour-
nefoik mst. 334; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl Dan. pl. 792
and Engl. bot. pl. 1580), its flowers becoming fragrant at.night (P ers.). Eastward, was observed b?
Sibthorp m shaded situations around Constantinople.
- purple flowers — but usually regarded as not distinct: termed “ 1. sylvestris
by Dodoens pempt. 171, “ 1. s. seu aquatica purpurea sim plex” by C. Bauhin pin. 204, “ 1. diurna ”
by Sibthorp oxon., and known to grow throughout middle Europe (P ers.) : observed by Roehlin» in
Germany (Steud.) ; by Linnæus, in the mountain-valleys of Lapland, but the flower more frequemlv
white quæ naturaliter purpurea est.” Westward, “ L. dioica” was observed by (Hook.). Sabine in Greenland
L yyiisflos-cucuH of Europe and tlie adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain cuckoo flower
or cuckoo gtlbjlow er ox ragged robin, in France “ robinet déchiré” (Prior), in Italy “ oculus Christi”
(R icco, and Targ ), and the A S Y L A or F E R V S ■ 0 C V L V S of Pliny xxv. 92, sought by cattle that
have eaten the blue ANAGA L LI D A, — may be compared : L. flos-cuculi is described by Tra»us 403
(Spreng.); termed “ 1. pratensis flore laciniato” by Tournefort inst. 336 ; is known to grotv from
Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 590, Curt. lond. i, pl. 33, and Lam. fl. fr.) ; was
observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in moist grassy meads in the Peloponnesus.
Cucubalus bacciferus of Western Europe. The CVCVLVS of Pliny xxvii. 44, by some called
S T R V M V M, by others STRYCHNON, having black berries and its leaves used against the stin»s
of serpents and scorpions, — may be compared : C. bacciferus was observed by Lucas Ghini (Dalecîi.
1429, irad Spreng. comm. Diosc. ii. 194); by Scopoli, in Carniolia; termed “ lychnanthus volubilis ”
by b. G. Gmelin (Steud.); known to grow in woods as far as Paris and Maeslricht (Mill pl ri2
Pers., and fl. Bat.), and formerly on an islet in Thames (A. Dec.). ’
Gypsophila struthium of Spain. The imported root called in Italy “ strutio” or “ struzio” ’
( Targ.), and possibly the R A D I C V L A menlioned by Pliny xix. 18 as preserved or stored for vvasliin»
woolen garments: — G. struthium was sent by Ferrandtis Imperatus to C. Bauhin, its root used
the Neapolitans as a substitute for soap, and believed to be the “ khondus ” of the Arabs (C B pin
206, and Spreng.): G. struthium is termed “ radicetta” by Matthioli (Targ,), is described also by
Boccone mus. 11. pi. 122, and Barrelier rar. pl. 119, is known to grow in Spain (Pers.), and its root is imported from Spam mto Italy (Targ.).
Silene spinescens of the East Mediterranean countries. The S TRVTHION described by Piiny
X IX . i8 a s S P I N 0 SA- ET-CAVLE- LANVGIN0 S 0 spinous and with a woolly stem ,— may be
compared : S. spinosa, described by Sibthorp as having opposite spinescænt branches and leaves
pubescent on all sides, was observed by him in Asia Minor.
Saponaria vaccaria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The CONDVRDVM herb,
belonging according to Pliny xxvi. 14 to the time of the Solstice and bearing a red flower, — is
referred here by Sprengel : S. vaccaria was observed by Sibthorp frequent in Greece and on the
Greek islands ; is known to occur in the Ukraine and about Caucasus and along the Altaian mountains
as far as Semipalatinsk (Kar. and Kir. in Ledeb ). Westward, is described by Lobel adv. p. 148 ; is
termed “ lychnis segetum rubra foliis perfoliatæ ” by Tournefort inst. 335 ; and is known to occur in
waste and cultivated ground throughout middle Europe as far as the Baltic and “ Lat. 54° 3 7 ,” occasionally
making its appearance in Britain (Wats., and A. D ec.). By European colonists, was carried
to Northeast America, where it has been observed by A. Gray “ escaped from gardens and becoming
spontaneous in some places ” in our Middle States.
Vicia cracca of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A vetch called in Denmark “ fuglevi-
kUer” (Cockayne), in Germany “ vogelwicke,” in Italy “ vezzon” (Lenz), in Greece “ agrios vik os”
(Fraas) : the CRACCA according to Pliny degenerating from legumes and grateful to pigeons — is
referred here by writers ; and the “ fugeles bean” of gloss. Laud. 567, is referred here by Cockayne :
V. cracca is described by Clusius ii. 235 ; is termed “ v. multiflora ” by Tournefort inst. 397 ; and is
known to grow in Italy, Barbary, and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland
(Lam. fl. fr., fl. Dan. pl. 804, Pers., and Wats ). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and I- raas, frequent Irom the Peloponnesus to Caria and Cyprus ; and is known to occur in cultivated
ground in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb.). By European colonists, was carried to Iceland
(Hook.), G re^land (W ats.), Newfoundland (H ook.), and thence perhaps to Canada and our Atlantic
States, where it has been observed by myself, sometí mes in wild situations, from the Lower
St. Lawrence throughout New England ; is known to occur also as far inland as Kentucky (A.
Gray).
Anthyllis barba-jovis of the Mediterranean countries. The BARBA' IOVI S enumerated by
Phny xvi. 31 among woody plants avoiding water, and further mentioned as clipped in ornamental
gardens into roundness, the leaves silvery,— is referred here by writers: A. barba jovis is termed
“ barba jovis pulchre lucens ” by Tournefort inst. 651; was observed by Sibthorp on the isle of
Capri, and is known to grow on rocks in other parts of Italy and as far as Spain (Mill, pl. 41, Lara,
fl. fr., Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Gittard on the mountains around Philiatra in
the Peloponnesus (Bory).
Ononis natrix oiEwxope and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy “ erba bacaja ”
(Lenz): the N A T RI X herb of Pliny xxvii. 83, — is referred here by writers: O. natrix is termed
“ natrix ” by Rivinus tetr. pl. 69, “ anonis viscosa spinis carens lutea major” by Tournefort inst.
409; and is known to grow from Italy throughout France and middle Europe (Mill. pl. 37, Pers.,
and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, and along roadsides near
Smyrna.
Cotoneaster vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The G A L Ll C VM mentioned
among the three kinds of MESPILIS by Pliny xv. 22 — may be compared : C. vulgaris is described
by Linnæus; and is known to grow in Switzerland and on the Pyrenees and throughout middle and
Nortliern Europe as far as “ Lat. 58°” in Norway (fl. Dan. pl. 112, Pers., Fries, and A. D ec.).
Eastward, was ob.served by Veit in Asia Minor (Fraas) ; and is known to grow on the mountains of
the Crimea, Caucasus, and in Siberia (Ledeb.).
I’yru s (A ria) tonninalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy “ ciavar-
dello” or “ sorbo torminale ” (Lenz), in which we recognize the TORMINALE described by Pliny
X V. 23 as a fourth kind of S O R B A, having the smallest fruit and leaves almost those of PLATANI ,
— referred here by writers : A. torminalis is termed “ c. folio laciniato ” by Tournefort inst. 633 ; is
known lo grow in Italy and Austria (Jacq. austr. pl. 443, Crantz, Pers., and Lenz) ; and was observed
by Sibthorp 011 mount Athos and around Constantinople.
Sorbus aucuparia of Northern Europe and Asia. Calied in Britain mountain ash or w ild service
tree or rowan or roan tree, in tlie Northern counties ran or royne, in Danish and Swedisli
ronn ” or “ runn ” (Prior) ; and the S 0 R B I S ■ T R I T I S with which C I N N A B A R I was adulterated
in the days of Pliny xxxiii. 39 — may be compared : S. aucuparia has long been held sacred in the
North, “ supposed to have power to avert the evil eye,” and its wood used for carving runes or
charms upon (Jamieson, and Prior) ; is known to grow in Labrador (Meyer), Greenland (Wats.), Iceland,
and from Cape North in Lat. 71° to 47° 30' in Bretagne, and on mountains as far as Switzerland
and the Pyrenees (Martins, and A. D ec.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos ;
IS known to grow also on the mountains of the Crimea and Caucasus, and as far as Obdosk and
beyond in Siberia (A. Dec.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it
continues to be planted for ornament.
Rosa villosa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The ALABAN DICAM'Vi LIOREM
ALBICANTIBVS - FOLI I S o f Pliny xxi. 10 — is referred here by Sprengel : R. villosa is termed
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