p i n s " ( C r a t æ g u s c o c d u e d ) , “ framboises” ( R u b u s s t r i g o s u s ) , “ petits fruits bleu z ” ( V a c c i n i u m Cana-^
d e n s e ) “ et rouges ” ( V . v i t i s - I d æ a ) , “ grozelles semblables aux nôtres mais elles deviennent rouges ”
( G r o s s u l a r i a h i r t e l l a ) , “ c e s autres grozelles rondelettes que nous appellions guedres ” ( V i b u r n u m
o p u l u s ) , “ pois en quàtite sur les rives de me r” ( L a t h y r u s m a r i t im u s ) . — Returning to France “ in
1607,” Lescarbot iv. 3 again visited Port Royal, and remained there three years.
“ In this year” (Spreng., and Winckler), Adrian Spigelius publishing his Isag. m rem herb.—
He died “ in 1626.” .
As early as this year (Spreng.), Augerius Clutius after traversing Spam crossing to Morocco.
He returned “ in 1607,” and his work vvas published in “ 1634.”
“ 1607 A. D.” (Humb. cosm. ii.), Hailey’s comet making its appearance.
“ Apr. 26th ” (Purchas, Smyth, Churchill coll.. Holmes, and archæol. Amer. iv.), under a charter
from king James, arrival of Christopher Newport with three ships in “ the bay of Chesapeac.” Sail-
in» up th? Powhatan river, men were landed “ May 14th” on the North side ; who proceeded to cut
dotovn the trees, to the alarm of the natives, and named the place “ James Town.” An aristocratic
form of administration prepared by the home government, was established ; and under Edward
Maria Wingfield as president, the first permanent English settlement on the American continent
inaugurated , . ■ \
Ascending the river to the head of tide-water, Newport (relatyon, archæolog Amer. iv. 42) on
“ May 22 Fryday ” was offered baskets of “ dryed oysters ” ( O s t r e a V i r g i n i c a ) ; also, “ wheate ” ( Z e a
m a y s ) , “ b e ane s” ( P h a s e o l u s v u l g a r i s ) , “ and mulberyes ” ( R u b u s ) , “ sodd to g e th e r ;” and on “ May
23 Satturday,” a “ wiroans,” who “ satt upon a matt of reeds with his people about him,” gave “ a deare
roasted,” caused “ his weomen to make cakes,” and also gave “ his crowne, which was of deare’s
hayre dyed redd.” While “ banquetting with them, seeing their dauncs, and taking t o b a c c o , " the great
chief Powatah arrived : when “ they all rose from their matts, save ” the wiroans Arahatec, “ separated
themselves aparte in fashion of a guard, and with a long shout they saluted him.” Continuing up the
river to the residence of Powatah, on a high hill with “ a playne betweene it and the water, twelve
score over wheron he sowes his wheate, beane, peaze ” ( P h a s e o l u s v u l g a r i s var.), “ tobacco, pompions,
o-owrds” ( L a g e n a r i a ) ; “ fla.xe” ( L i n u m V i r g i n i a n u m ) , “ etc.,” Newport was hospitably received, but
was not permitted to proceed inland beyond the Falls. He learned however that the “ caquassun ” or
c o p p e r “ was gott in the bites of rocks, and betweene cliffs in certayne vaynes ” (clearly therefore from
Lake Superior) ; and found it flexible enough to bend “ a peece of the thicknes of a shilling rounde
about” the finger (native copper being as is well known tougher than smelted copper). “ May 25,^^
returnin» down the river, he was shown the herb “ wisacan, which they say heales poysoned wounds ”
( . . . . ) , and which -‘ is like lyverwort or bloudwort;” also, “ a roote wherewith they poisen their
ar'rowes”’ ( . . . .) . “ They would shew us any thing we demaunded ; and laboured very much, by
sivnes. to mart us understand their languadg.”" The natives are further described: as living “ corn-
only by the water-side, in litle cottages made of canes and reeds covered with the barke of trees ;
some “ fortie or fiftie in a hatto or small village, which townes are not past a myle or half a myle asunder
in most places; ” the women doing “ all the labour,” while “ the men hunt and goe at plesure.
They “ »oe all naked, save their privityes, yet in coole weather they weare deare-skiniis with the hayre
on, loose : some have l e a t h e r stockings up to their twists, and sandalls on their feet. Their feight
is alway in the wood, with bow and arrowes and a short wodden sword.” They “ steale anything
comes neare them ; ” and “ having once conveyed, they hold it an injury to take the same from them.”
“ They sacrifice tobacco to the sunn, fayre picture, or a harmefull thing, as a swoord or peece ; also, they
strincle some into the water in the morning before they wash. They have many wives ; to whome, as
neare as I could perceive, they keep constant. The great king Powatah had most wives. These they
abide not to be toucht before their face.” The country is described as naturally yielding “ vines
aboundance” “ respesses” ( R u b u s s t r i g o s u s ? ) , “ scarretts” ( A r c h e m o r a r i g i d a ? ) , “ the roote called
Si»illa chrièti” ( P o l y g o n a t u m ) , “ and many other unknowne;” also “ apothecary-druggs of diverse
so?ts, some knowne to be of good estimacon, some strange, of whose vertue the salvages report
wonders.” • , , . t t-
“ May 26th ” (relatyon Newp. p. 54), first attack by the natives on the colonists at James Town ;
the assailants numbering “ above two hundred.” Hostile demonstrations by smaller parties were
made at intervals during the ensuing months. “ Dec. lo th ” (Wingfield in archæol. Amer. iv. 92),
John Smith ascending the Chechohomynies river, was “ taken prysoner, and by the means of his
guide, his leif was satoed ; ” after some days he was brought “ to the great Powaton,” who had already
proffered friendship, and who, — “ Jan. 8th,” sent him home. The chief’s daughter Pocahontas at
this time a child (Deane in note) ; she is not mentioned in the early accounts of the transaction.
“ July 3olh” (Strachey, Haki. soc. 1849, and Purchas), George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert with
two ships on their way to the Sachadehoc (Kennebec) arriving in sight of land, “ Aug. ist,” a party
landing “ on a galland island” in “ 44s ° ” “ gooseberries” ( G r o s s u l a r i a c y n o s b a t i ) , “ strawber927
r ie s ” ( F r a g a r i a V i r g i n ia n a ) , “ raspices” ( R u b u s s t r ig o s u s ) , “ hu rts” ( V a c c i n i u m ) , “ and all the island
full of huge high trees of divers sorts.” Sailing thence “ so-west, for soe the coast lieth,” on the
“ 17th ” the two captains entered the Sachadehoc, and on the “ i8th ” made “ choise of a place for their
plantación, at the mouth or entry of the ryver on the west side.” While the fort was building, Gilbert
on the “ 28th ” sailed in the shallop Westward as far as a headland in “ 43^°,” the trees growing thereon
being “ most o a k e ” ( Q u e r c u s r u b r a ) “ and walnutt” ( J u g l a n s c i n e r e a ) , the islands on the wav “ all
overgrowne with woods, as oak, walnutt, pine, spruse trees, hasell nutts, sarsaparilla, and hurts in
abundaunce.” After an unsuccessful attempt to find the Penobscot, had a sight “ Sept. 15th in the
morning, of a b i a s i n g s t a r r in the nor-east of them.” On the “ 25th,” at the head of navigation on
the Sachadehoc, were “ great store of grapes, both redd and white ” ( V i t i s c o r d i f o l i a and V . l a b r u s c a ,
unripe), “ good hopps ” ( O s t r y a V i r g i n i c a ? ) , “ as also chiballs and ga rlik e ” ( A l l i u m s c h o e n o p r a s u m
and U. C a n a d e n s e ) , “ certaine codds in which they supposed the cotton wooll to g row ” ( A s c l e p i a s
C o r n u t i ) , and among other trees “ pineaple” ( P i n u s r e s i n o s a ? ) . The ensuing winter proved “ ex-
treame unseasonable and frosty,” but the colonists “ fully finished the fort,” built “ fifty howses therein,
besides a church and a storehowse,” also a “ pynnace of about some thirty tonne, which they called
the Virginia,” obtained many kinds of furs “ from the Indians by way of trade,” and gathered “ good
store of sarsaparilla ” ( A r a l i a n u d i c a u l i s and A . h i s p i d a *) : but “ noe mynes ” were discovered, Capt.
Popham died, — and a ship with supplies arriving in the spring brought news of a legacy to Capt. Gilbert
requiring his presence in England, when the colonists unwilling to remain behind all embarked
for home.
“ Before the middle of A u gu s t” (Purchas iii. 464, and Asher edit. Huds. p. cxci), by Henry
Hudson on his First voyage, an island discovered in “ 71° N .” near the Greenland coast, and named
Hudson’s Tutches — (now called Jan Mayen).
“ 1608, June 26th” (narrat., edit. Asher). Hudson on his Second voyage arriving on the coast of
Nova Zembla in “ 72° 25' N. : ” parties landing at different times found “ a crosse standing on the
shoare, much driftwood, and signes of fires,” also “ a herd of white deere ” ( C e r v u s r a n g i f e r i n u s ) ,
“ footings of many great beares, of deere, and foxes,” grass “ of the last yeere and young grasse came
up amongst it a shaftman long,” also “ flowers and greene things that did there grow.” As far as
examined Nova Zembla seemed “ a pleasant land, much raayne high land with no snow on it, looking
in some places greene, and deere feeding thereon; and the hills are partly covered with snow.”
E l y m u s a r e n a r i u s of the seashore in Arctic and Subarctic climates. A species o f l y m e g r a s s ,
probably the tall “ g ra s se ” seen on Nova Zembla; — E. arenarius is termed “ gramen spicatum seca-
linura maritimum spica breviore” by Tournefort inst. 518 ; was observed by Forskal along the Sea of
Marmora, and by Sibthorp from the Greek islands to the Euxine ; is known to grow along the Atlantic
seashore from France to Ireland and Lapland (Pers., and Wats.). We.stward, was received by Hooker
from Arctic America ; was observed by him on Iceland ; by Lapylaie, on Newfoundland ; by Kalm, as
far South as 48° on the Lower St. Lawrence ; by myself to 47° 30'.
“ July 3 d ” (N . Shaw edit. Champí, p. xxiv), having arrived at a narrow part of the St. Lawrence,
Champlain decided to establish his settlement on a spot called by the natives “ Quebec ; ” and caused
dwellings to be erected, and the land apportioned, cleared and sown. — On the following “ i8th of
May,” he proceeded farther up the river, and having promised the natives aid against the Iroquois,
arrived at Saint Croix on the “ ist of June.” Entering the Iroquois river, his boat was stopped at the
first rapid ; but Champlain, with only two of his men willing to accompany him, kept on with the natives
and their canoes “ July 2d.” On reaching the Lake (which continues to bear his name) a battle ensued
at a village on iti border, when Champlain with his “ arquebuss loaded with four balls ” killed at one
shot two Iroquois chiefs and wounded a th ird : this decided the contest in favour of his native allies,
who returned to the St. Lawrence with “ ten or twelve prisoners.” In “ 1610,” he accompanied the
Algonquins against the Iroquois, and stormed a fort or stockade; and hearing from his friend De
Monts at Paris, returned to France.
“ Summer” (Smith, Purchas, and Plolmes), exploration of tlie Chesapeake by John Smith in an
open barge : sailing in ali “ about three,thousand miles.” At the Susquehanna river, the natives had
implements “ of iron and brass,” derived by their own account from the P'rench of Canada.
“ In this y e a r ” (edit. Markh.), Francisco de Avila recording Peruvian legends.
toi;:
»vi-
1 7 * , + ,3 » .,
* A r a l i a h i s p i d a of Northeast America. Called there b r i s t l y s a r s a p a r i l l a (A. Gray), and possibly
included in the “ sarsaparilla ” gathered on this occasion ; — the other “ sarsaparilia ” is described
by Josselyn as “ having the same leaf, but is a shrub as high as a gooseberry-bush, and full of sharp
thorns ; ” A. hispida is known to grow from New.bundland to the Saskatchewan (Hook.); was observed
by Michaux at Hudson’s Bay and in Canada; by myself, along the Atlantic as far as 42° N. beyond
Salem ; and by Pursh, on the Alleghanies in Pennsylvania and Virginia.
L.
'tf ■ ]