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Oenanthe fistulosa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain water-drop-
■zf/o;7 (Prior) ; and the root growing according to Theophrastus ix. 13.4 at the mines in Thrace,
plea.sant to the taste but if eaten inducing sleep-like easy death, — may be compared : Oe. fistulosa is
termed “ oe aquatica ” by Tournefort inst. 313 ; is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle
Europe (Moris, ix. pl. 7, fl. Dan. pl. 846, and Engl. bot. pl. 363) ; was observed by Sibthorp in the
environs of Constantinople.
Peucedanum oreoselinum of hilly situations in middle Europe ancl as far as Caucasus. Called in
the drug-shops, “ herba oreoselini ” (Lindl.), and the O P E O C E A I N O N of Theophrastus vii. 64,
liaving leaves like KQ N E I Q, and given in female complaints, — is referred here by writers : P. oreoselinum
is described by Dodoens p 6g6 (Spreng.); is known to grow on the hills of Southern France
(Lapeyr., Delarbre aiiverg. i. p. 428, and Pers.) ; and Eastward as far as Austria and Caucasus (Jacq.
austr. pl. 68, and Bieb.). The leaves and stem according to Lindley “ are bitter and aromatic, as
is the fruit but in a higher degree ; they were used as powerful stimulants of the intestinal canal, and
are still esteemed in some countries.”
A mini visnaga oi the Mediterranean countries. Called in Southern France “ herbe aux cure-
dents ” (Pers.), in Greece “ phôlëa ” (Fraas) ; and the CTA<F YA i N OC: A TP I OC (in approved ms.
“ raphanon agrian” ) of Theophrastus ix. 15. 5, called by some physicians KEPAIN, — is referred
here by Sprengel : the “ këraskômën ” of Syn. Diosc iii. 52 may also be compared : A. visnaga was
observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna;
by Hasselquist on Lebanon ; by Alpinus iv. 14, and Delile, in Lower Egypt, the spoke-like pedicels
of the itmbel used for tooth-picks, and the seeds employed medicinally. W.estward, is described by
Lobel pl. 716; is termed “ foeniculum annuum umbella contracta oblonga” by Tournefort inst. 311 ;
was observed by Desfontaines i. 245 in Barbary, and is known to grow in Southern France (Pers.).
Valeriana Céltica of Switzerland and the Eastern Alps. Called in Italy “ nardo céltico” or
“ spica céltica ” (Lenz) ; and the P I Z I A of Thrace, having according to Theophrastus ix. 7. 4 a nard-
like odour, — may be compared: the “ këltikë narthos” is mentioned by Dioscorides as growing in
Istria; and the imported root was known to Avicenna (Spreng.) : V. Céltica is known to grow on
the Carinthian and Styrian Alps, and according to Wulffenius, and Sprengel, its roots in large quantities
are exported from Trieste Eastward to mix in ointments. Farther West, “ narthou ” brought
by a Gaul, is prescribed by Andromachus ther.; “ nardum gallicum” is mentioned by Pliny xiii. 2,
and “ céltica spica ” by Macer Floridus 75 : V. Céltica was observed by Plaller 209 in Switzerland
(Pers.), and by Lenz in North Italy. (See V. saliunca.)
Valeriana saxatilis oi Switzerland and the Eastern Alps. The E TEP: AT TA having according
to Theophrastus but slight fragrance, — may be compared with the “ tragón” gathered according to
Dioscorides indiscriminately with the preceding for adulteration, and referred here conjecturally by
Sprengel: the “ hirculus ” of Pliny xii. 26 corresponds: V. saxatilis is described by Clusius hist. i.
56, and Piukenet aim. pi. 232, and is known to grow on the Eastern Alps (Jacq. austr. iii. pl. 267).
Arnica scorpioides oi the mountains of middle and Southern Europe. The C K 0 PH I 0 Y whose
root according to Theophrastus ix. 13. 6 resembles a scorpion, and is useful against scorpion stings,
— may be compared : A. scorpioides was observed by Sibthorp on mount Parnassus. Westward, is
described by Matthioli p. 762 (Spreng.), and Lobel pl. 649; is termed “ doronicum radice scorpii
brachiata ” by Tournefort inst. 487, “ aster scorpioides ” by Scopoli ; and is known to grow on the
subalpine portion of the mountains of middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pl. 349, and Pers.).
Artemisia Pontica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Yemen “ rand” or
“ bætran ” or “ ghobaejre” (Forsk.) ; and the Aikl N e i O N of Pontus on which sheep fatten according
to Theophrastus ix. 17. 4. — is referred here by Linnæus and others : the kind growing in Pontus
is mentioned also by Dioscorides, Galen meth. med. xi. 16; and “ absinthium ponticum,” by
Cato 159, Columella xii. 35, and Pliny xi. 75: “ wormwood” in the days of Duarte Barbosa was
exported in great quantities from Xeher on the Southern coast of Arabia ; and A. Pontica was
observed by Forskal under cultivation on tlie plains and mountains of Yemen. Farther North, is
described by Fuchsius (Spreng.) ; is termed “ a. Gmelini ” by Stechmann (Steud.); and is known
to grow in dry mountainous situations from Italy, Switzerland, and Germany (Jacq. austr. pl. 99, and
Pers.) as far as middle Asia, in flavour differing according to Sprengel in being slightly aromatic.
Artemisia abrotannm of tlie Tauro-Caspian Countries. Called in English gardens southeni-
-wood or old-man, in Anglo-Saxon “ sæthrene-wudu ” or “ suthernewude ” (Prior), in France “ au-
ronne des jardin s” (Pers.), in Italy “ abrótano” (Lenz), in Greece “ pikrôthanôs ” (Fraas), in
Egypt “ semsæk” or “ msæka ” (Forsk.) or “ meskeli ” (Del.), by the prophets “ nëura phoinikos”
or “ kunaghiten ” (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize t heABPOTONON of Theophrastus i. 9. 4
to caus. vi. 16. 7, cultivated and coronary with persistent fo lia g e :— the “ avrôtônôn a rrën ” is described
by Dioscorides as growing in Cappadocia, Asiatic Galatia, and near Hierapolis in Syria,
branchy with slender twigs like “ apsinthion : ” A . abrotanum is known to grow wild in Asia Minor
(Ctesalp. xii. 6) ; was observed by Fraas under cultivation in G re ec e ; by Forskal, and Delile, in the
gardens of Egypt. Westward, the “ abrotonum ” is mentioned by Lucretius vi. 123, Horace, Lucan;
and as “ subiiciatur pulvino,” by Pliny xxi. 92, and Macer Floridus: A. abrotanum is described by
Bauhin, and Morison vi. pl. 2; and is well known in gardens from Italy throughout middle Europe
(Lenz, and Fraas). Eastward from Syria, was observed by Graham “ in gardens ” at Bombay, but no
native name is given. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues
in gardens. Is enumerated by Lindley as “ a powerful anthelmintic.” (See Santolina chammcypa-
rissus).
Atractylis cancellata of the Mediterranean countries. TheTETPAAlZ springing up in summer,
thorny-leaved, and enumerated among thistles by Theophrastus vi. 4. 4, — may be compared : A. cancellata
was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus and Crete to Rhodes and
Cyprus. Westward, the account of the “ te tralix” by Pliny xxi. 56 seems taken from Theophrastus :
A. cancellata is described by Morison vii. pl. 39; is termed “ cnicus exiguus capite cancellato semine
tomentoso” by Tournefort inst. 451, “ circellium ” by Lamarck ill. pl. 662 ; was observed by Brotero
in Po rtugal; is known to grow also in Spain and Barbary, its cancellated involucre imprisoning
flies (Pers.).
Carthamus dentatus oi the East Mediterranean countries. The E T E P A : A F P I A C : K N H K O Y
of Theophrastus vi. 4. 5, hairy with stems C O F K Q A E I C Sonchus-like and in a manner E FI I FEIO-
KAYAOC from weakness resting on cultivated land, — may be compared: C. dentatus is termed
“ cnicus atractylidis folio et facie incanus patulus flore purpurascente” by Tournefort cor. 33; was
observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, somewhat rare on the Greek islands and in Asia Minor. Westward,
the account by Pliny xxi. 53 of the “ cnicon silvestris altera,” more hairy with “ torosiore
caule,” seems taken from Theophrastus ; but C. dentatus was observed by Forskal p. 217 frequent in
waste places on Malta, a foot high branching above “ raro infra,” the flowers “ flavi.”
Carlina lanata of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ kökkinagathö (Sibth.); and
the A K 0 P N A of Theophrastus vi. 4. 3 to 6, having almost the aspect of KNHKÍ 2: H M E P Q but in
colour E F I I ZAN6 0 N (translated “ rufo ” by Pliny) and its juice fatty, — may be compared : C. lanata
was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus tliroughout the Greek
islands ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the “ acorna ” is enumerated
among pubescent thistles by Pliny xxi. 56: C. lanata seems described by Anguillara as ob.served by
him in Italy (Spreng.) ; is termed “ c. flore purpuro-rubente patulo ” by Tournefort inst. 500; was
observed by Garidel pl. 21 in Southern France, and is known to grow in Italy and Barbary (Pers.),
Carlina acanihifolia oi the Mediterranean countries. The A E YKA KA N 8A enumerated among
thorny-leaved plants by Theophrastus vi. 4. 3, — mentioned also by Hicesius, by Dioscorides as having
a “ kupSirö ’’-like bitter root, chewed to alleviate toothache, may be compared : C. acanthifolia
was observecl by Gittard (Chanb.) about Arcadia in the Peloponnesus. Westward, the “ leuca-
cantha ” or “ pölugönatön” or “ phullon ” or “ ishiatha ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ spina
alva ” of the Tuscans, and “ gniakarthous ” of the Romans ; but the account of the “ leucacanthos ”
by Pliny xxi. 56 to xxii. 18 seems taken from the Greek : C. acanthifolia is termed “ c. chardous-
sae ” by V illa r s ; was ob.served by Hacquet pi. i in Carniolia; by Allioni pl. 51, in Piedmont ; and is '
known to grow on the Pyrenees (Pers.).
Carduus pycnocephalus of the Mediterranean countries. The A K A N 0 C of Theophrastus i. 10.
6 to vi. 4. 9, having many stems and branching, and the only species of its kind, — may be compared:
C. pycnocephalus was observed by Chaubard, in grassy places in the Peloponnesus. Wes tward,
the “ acanon ” by some classed with the “ e ryngio” is described by Pliny xxii. 10 as a low
spreading herb with broader spines, applied externally with wonderful effect in stanching blood :
C. pycnocephalus is described by Barrelier pl. 417 ; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern
Europe, the calyx-scales deciduous (Pers.).
Cirsium cynaroides of the East Mediterranean countries. A thistle with glistening leaves ; and
the X A A K E I 0 C of Theophrastus vi. 4.3, — enumerated among pubescent kinds by Pliny xxi. 56,
identified by Skarlatos with the “ gaithöuragkathön,” may be compared: C. cynaroides is termed
“ carduus creticus foliis lanceolatis splendentibus subtus incanis flore purpurascente ” by Tournefort
cor. 31 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to the vicinity of
Constantinople,
Cirsium palustre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The thorny-leaved A E I M ü N I A
of Theophrastus vi. 4. 3, — is referred here conjecturally by Sprengel : C. palustre was observed by
Sibthorp on mount Athos. Westward, the “ limoniam ” is identified by Pliny xxi. 99 to xxii. 43 with
the “ scolymon,” and the “ scolymon ” with the “ carduus alter silvestris ” single-stemmed and having
a purple flower: the “ wulfes teasl ” of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Diosc. 156, as figured in manuscript
to, is referred here by Harley and Cockayne : C. palustre is described by Morison vii. pl. 32 ; is
termed “ cirsium pratense polycephalon vulga re ” by Tournefort inst. 448; and is known to grow
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