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740 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
Acada condnna of Tropical Hindustan. A large woody climber full of recurved prickles and
called in Bengalee “ kochai,” in Tamil “ shika,” in Telinga “ shikaya,” in Malabar “ chinik” (Drur.),
at Bombay “ c'hicakai ” (Graham) ; and from early times, its succulent pods used by the Hindus for
markin» their foreheads, also for washing the head, and its acid leaves substituted for tamarinds in
cookerffi—observed by Nimmo, and Griham, the pods “ sold in the bazaar” at Bombay; by Burmann
pl. I, »rowing on Ceylon ; by Ro.xburgh, and Wight, from Mysore to Bengal and Assam (Drur.).
'fypha dephantina of Hindustan. Called in Scinde “ pauna ’’-grass (Heddle). in Bengalee “ hogla ”
(Drur.) ; and from early times, its stems cut for matting, tied also in bundles from their buoyancy
used to swim with: — observed by Heddle in Scinde, its long tortuous roots carefully guarded, being
of great importance in binding the soil along the Indus ; by Powell, in the Punjaub ; by Nimmo, on
“ margins of tanks and in the beds of rivers throughout the Concans” (Graham), to and beyond
Bombay ; by Roxburgh, as far as Bengal, and from elephants being fond of it termed elephant grass
(Drur).
“ Oct. 19th ” (Nicol.), a synod at Lerida. James king of Arragon, under excommunication
“ for having caused the tongue of the bishop of Gironne to be cutout, was reconciled to the church.”
“ Dec.'^ist ” (Nicol.), a synod in London. On the demand of the pope, of “ a third of the revenues
of the clergy of England.”
“ 1247 A. D.” (NicoL), a synod at Tarragona. Muslims desiring baptism were required to
“ abide for some days with the rectors of the church, to prove their conversion.”
“ The same year” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Saga II. succeeded by his second son Fikakusa
II. or Go-Fikakusa, now eighty-eighth dairo of Japan.
“ 1248 A. U.” (Nicol., see also Alst.), a synod at Breslau. A fifth of the revenues of the Polish
clergy »ranted for three years to the pope, to aid him against the emperor Fredericus II.
' “ The same year” (Lubke and Lutrow), on the Rhine, the cathedral at Cologne commenced,
under the superintendence of Gerhardus. — To the present day, the work of completion is going on.
“ 1248 or 1249 A. D.” (Nicol., see also Alst.), a synod at Shening. Against the marriage of the
cler»y, a practice continuing in Sweden “ after the example of the Greeks.”
1249 A. D.” (Blair), Seventh crusade. Led into Egypt by Louis IX. le Saint; and on “ June
5th,” Damietta again captured.
“ In or about this year” (Garc. de la Vega), Roca succeeded by his son Yalniarhuacac, now
seventh Inca of Peru. . m ■ 1 -fl Scoparia dulds of Peru and the neighbouring portion of . Tropical America. A Rhmanthoid
annual called in Brazil “ basourinha” or “ vacourinha” (Lindl ), and from early times employed medicinally
as a cooling laxative (Mart.), in Spanish America in infusion to cure agues — (Humb.) :
observed by myself, introduced in the environs of Rio Janeiro, but to all appearance indigenous m
Lower Peru; by J. D. Hooker, on the Galapagos Isjands ; by Descourtilz, in the West Indies, but
no Carib name given. By European colonists, was carried Westward to the Taheffian Islands
(Beechey voy.); to Australia, before the visit of R. Brown; to the Philippines, naturalized and
cent, — observed by Ainslie “ given in decoction” in strangury (Drur.). Transported to Europe,
is described by Willdenow (Pers.).
Antidesma bunias of Tropical Hindustan. A small or middle-sized tree called in Tamil nolai-
tali,” in Malabar “ nuli-tali” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ amtee” (Graham); and from
eariv times, regarded as a remedy in snake-biles, and ropes made of its bark; — observed by Rheede
iv. pl. 56 in Malabar ; by Graham, as far as Bombay, “ on the Kandalla Ghaut, rare ; ” by Roxbur£,
Wi»ht, and Drury, from Travancore to Coromandel and Nepaul, its trunk In Assam sometimes “ twelve
or fourteen inches in diameter,” its wood by immersion in “ water becoming heavy and black as
iro n ;” is term ed “ bunias sativus” by Rumphius iii. pl. 132. .
Ficus heterophylla of Tropical Hindustan. A harsh-leaved shrub called in Bengalee “ goori-sliion,
in Telin»a “ buroni,” in Malabar “ valli-teragam ” (Drur.) ; and from early time.s, its root em+oyeci
medicinally: —observed by Rheede iii. pl. 62 in Malabar; by Graham, from Bombay to the Ghauts,
by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, “ common in moist places in the Peninsula and Bengal.”
F ic u s h n ia of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A tree called in Malabar “ perina ter£an£
(Drur.) ; and from early times, its bark and fruit used medicinally, and its rough leaves for polishing
furniture : — observed by Rheede iii. pl. 61 in Malabar ; by Graham, in “ the Concans ” to and beyon
Bombay; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Coromandel and Oude ; is described also by Rumphius
iii. pl. 95 ; and was observed by Mason in Burmah. ^
Eleusine stricta of Plindustan. Cultivated to a great extent, and perhaps from early times ,
differing according to Drury “ in having the spikes straight, being of a larger siz£ and more proem •
tive, the seeds are also heavier, which cause the spike to bend down horizontally.”
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 741
sometimes used as a substitute for tea, and called in Tagalo “ chachachachan ” (Blanco) ; to Burrnah
(Mason) ; to Hindustan, having no Sanscrit name (Pidd.), and confined to the Southern portion
(A. Dec.); to Arabia, observed by Forskal p. 31 at Ghomfude on the Red Sea, and called “ dfar ’
(from Dhofar) ; to Eastern Ecjuatorial Africa, observed by Grant “ common in waste ground 5° i'
alt. 4000 ft.” Also by European colonists was parried across the Atlantic to Western Equatorial
Africa (R. Brown cong. 58) ; to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer naturalized.
“ 1250 A. D.” (I-iumb. cosm.), Vincentius Bellovacencis or Vincent of Beauvais writing his
“ Speculum naturale,” an encyclopedic work. Pie had charge of the earliest/«¿Ac library in France,
founded by Louis IX. — (Pouchet), and died “ in 1256” (Spreng.).
The herring, Clupea, mentioned by Vincentius of Beauvais, and as salted for provision. — Salting
of “ alech ” or herring, is also mentioned by Albertus Magnus.
“ Apr 5th” (Blair, and Marcel), after advancing to the head of the Delta, the crusaders again
defeated, obliged to capitulate, and leave Egypt.
The death of Melek-Saleh (fixed to this year by an Arabic inscription on his tomb near Cairo,
Wilk. theb. and eg.) kept secret several months, was now declared; his son Turan Schah becoming
the eighth Ayoubite sultan of Egypt.
At the end of two months (Ciot-Bey, and Marcel), the Memluks or military slaves, perceiving,
that they held their master’s power in tlieir own hands, put him to death and made one of their own
number sultan. The Institution was at the same time rendered permanent by continual purchases
of recruits from abroad. Ibek thus became the head of the Bahrite Memluk dynasty. A copper
coin issued by him, is figured in Marcel p. 158.
“ In or about this year” (Raffles ix. and x.), prince Haji Purwa returning from Hindustan, where
he had been converted to Mohammedanism. With an Arab companion he attempted to convert his
brother MunJing .Sari and others of the royal family of Java ; but proving unsuccessful and fearing a
tumult, he fled and “ is believed to have found an asylum in Cheribon then an uninhabited wilderness.”
The earliest mention of Mohammedanism in Javan history, the troubles leading to the removal
of the capital farther Westward where it retained the name Pajajaran.
“ In this year” (Crawfurd vii. 11), colonists from Gilolo in the Moluccas settling in the island
of Ternate.
“ In this year” (Klapr. note to "San-kokf), abdication of Ghi-fon in favour of Yei-so, of the
ancient royal family and now king of the Loo Choo Islands; the “ fourth” of the Tame-tomo
dynasty. ^
“ In or about this year” (Humb. atl. pict.), in the reign of Nopaltzin king of the Chichimecs, the
culture oi.cotton and maize and the art of making bread, long neglected and in danger of being lost,
revived by a Toltec named XiuhtLato.
Nicotiana tabacum of Mexico. The most generally knowm species of tobacco called in Brazilian
“ petume,” in Carib “ youly,” in Mexican “ quauhyeti” (Desc.), and cultivated as early doubtless as
this date:* — following the coast of Honduras South, Columbus in 1502 observed natives on the
* AHcotiana quadrivalvis of Oregon. A species of tobacco — cultivated according to Nuttall by
the natives along the Missouri, but on the Columbia probably indigenous: communicated to and
described by Pursh.
Rhus copallinum of North America. A species of sumach, its leaves from early times “ used as
tobacco by the ” tribes on “ the Missouri and Mississippi” — (Pursh): “ lentisci ” were seen by Le
Moyne in 1564 in i'lorida: R. copallina, by Chapman from “ Florida to Mississippi by Baldwin at
31°; by Michaux, in Carolina and Virginia; by Pursh, in New Jersey; by myself, from 38° to 43°
along the Atlantic; by Pitcher, on the Arkansas ; by Lewis and Clark ii. 136, on the Rocky mountains
and as far as the Pacific.
Liquidambar styraciflua oi Northeast America. Ahe siueet-gum is a forest-tree exuding a fragrant
resinous fluid, mingled with tobacco in smoking at the court of the Mexican emperors —
(Humb. iv. 10) : “ a gume which bleedeth from a kind of maple,” “ not much unlike a balsome both
in sent and vertue,” was observed by Newport on James river; L. styraciflua grows wild within or
near the border of Mexico, is at least described by Hernandez 56 (Spreng.); was observed by Cabeza
de Vaca in Te.xas ; by Darby, on the Sabine ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by Chapman, “ Florida
to Mississippi, and northward ; ” by Baldwin, at Matanza in Florida; by Catesby ii. pl. 65, and Elliot,
in Carolina; by myself, as far as' 41°, near New York city; by Eaton, more than a degree farther
North along the Hudson and Connecticut. According to F. A. Michaux, a very small quantity of
storax can be procured from the trunk by incision.
Prosopis sp. of the Rio del Norte. The mezquite tree called “ mezquiquez; ” and from early
times, its flour rendered sweet and wholesome by mixing earth eaten by the natives: — the tree, with
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