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6 1 4 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
The same j-ear ( = “ Sth year of Monmu,” art de verif,), a coat of arms, toiaps, assigned by
Monmu to each province of Japan.
705 A. D. ( = “ 9th year of Monmu,” art de verif.), a square wooden measure called “ s io ” and
“ maas,” sent as a standard by Monmu to the different provinces throughout Japan.
“ The same year = ‘ chin-loung,’ the real commencement of the reign of Tchoung-tsoung,” on
the death of his mother Wou-heou — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 306).
“ The same year” (A lst., and N ico l), at Rome, Joannes the sixth succeeded by Joannes the
seventh, twenty-first archbishop.
“ The same year” (art. de verif.), Abd-el-Melek succeeded by Walid, sixth Ommiad khalif.
Coins were issued by Walid (see Marcel 34) : and during his reign, the mosque El-Djame el-Atyk
commenced (near the present city of Cairo).
The “ m an” of Chuz or Alkanzi, — Maserjawia, Hobaisch, Ebn Masah, Rhazes, and Ebn Baitar,
is referred by Ehrenberg, and Royle (Kitt. cycl bibl.) to the manna produced by Coccus manniparus;
an insect chiefly or altogether confined to the Sinai Peninsula, and feeding on Tamarix Gallica; the
substance is also described by Seetzen, as seen by him on the spot.
Convolvulus {Ipomoea) tiDpethum of Tropical shores, from Hhidustan throughout the East
Indies and islands of the Pacific to the Taheitian Group. The “ turlud ” of Chuz, — Ebn Masawia,
Maserjawia, Hobaisch. Rhazes, Haly Abbas, Mesue, Avicenna, Serapion, and Ebn Baitar, is referred
by writers to this plant, and its imported product: the’ medicinal use in Egypt of “ turbetum from
India” or turbith is mentioned by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med.; and 1. turpethum is termed
“ turpethum repens fob althaeae vel indicum ” by C. Bauhin pin. 149. Eastward from Egypt, the
“ torbit” of “ Melibar” is mentioned by Marco Polo 183; and I. turpethum is called in Bengalee
“ teoree ” or “ dood-kulmi,” in Telinga “ tellatagacla : ” was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh,
and W igh t: by Graham, and Gibson, growing from Goozerat to beyond Bombay in the Concans or
low country, and “ the bark of the roots ” used “ by native doctors as a cathartic ; ” was observed on
Ceylon by Hermann cat. lugd. 178. Farther East, was observed by Mason in Burmah ; is known to
grow throughout the East Indies as far as Timor and the neighbouring portion of Australia, also on
the Marianne, Tongan, and Taheitian Islands (Lindl.) ; and was observed by myself throughout the
Tropical Polynesian groups, from the Feejee Islands to Metia.
Lab'ab vulgaris of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Egyjrt “ leblab,” in which we recognize
the “ lebleb ” of Alkanzi, — Ebn Masawia, Ebn Amran, Haly Abbas, Elgafaki, Serapion, and Ebn
Baitar: L. vulgaris was observecl by Alpinus p l 75, Forskal, Delile, and Ciot-Bey, in the gardens
of Egypt, cultivated to form arbours, and in Nubia called “ ougoudky.” Eastward, has a Sanscrit
name (Roxb., Pidd., and A. D ec.) ; was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, Wight, Drury, and
according to Graham, is called “ saim ka puttee ” and “ several varieties ” are “ commonly cultivated ; ”
is enumerated by Mason v. p. 466 among esculents, “ exotic ” in Burmah, called “ pai,” and “ several
varieties of one or two species ” cultivated by the Karens and Burmese. Farther East, an unobtrusive
white-flowered variety was observed by myself aboriginally introduced around dwellings on the Feejeean
Islands, and on the Hawaiian Islands decidedly naturalized. By European colonists, the ornamental
purple-flowered variety was carried to the Hawaiian Islands; also to Northeast America,
where it continues to be cultivated in gardens.
Rhododendron lepidohtm of the Himalaya mountains. The “ thalisfar” of Elmadschusi,—
Honain, Elhuri. Ebn Amran, Ebn Joljol. Avicenna, Elgafaki, and Ebn Baitar, is referred by Royle
to the imported leaves, described as “ highly aromatic.” The living shrub was observed by him on
the Himalaya mountains.
“ In or about 706 A. D .” (quart, rev. for 1870), the “ Psalter” translated into Anglo-Saxon by
Aldhelm or Ealdhelm, bishop of Sherborn, and “ among the first of the Saxon ecclesiastics who was
distinguished for learning.”
“ 708 A. D .” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), in Japan, and Monmu succeeded as dairo by Genone! or
Ghenmio, daughter of the “ thirty-ninth ” emperor Tent-sii. In the first year of her reign, Genonei
coined gold and silver money: — but the latter was prohibited in the following year.
“ In this year” (Humb. atl. pict.), and “ in the reign of Ixtlicuechahuac,” second Toltec king
of Mexico, the Teo-amoxlli containing the history, mythology, laws, and the remarkable and singularly
exact calendar of the Mexicans, composed by the astrologer Huematzin. (The accession of
Ixtlicuechahuac is placed “ 667 -j- cycle of 52 yrs ” = 11 years later by Clavigero ii).
The turkey, Meleagris gallipavo, domesticated in Central America as early possibly as this date.
The bird was brought, perhaps by the way of Mexico from Northeast America; where it is indigenous,—
but in no instance on record has been tamed by the aboriginal tribes. Honduras was first
visited by Europeans in 1502, when “ hens of that country which are better than ours ” were brought
by the natives to Columbus (F. Columb. 90 ; or in the words of Gomara) “ gallipauos que son mejores
que pauos y gallinas.” In New Spain, according to Oviedo nat. hyst. 37, there are “ otros pauos
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D PL A N T S. 6 1 5
mayores y mijores de sabor y mas hermosas,” many of which birds have been imported into the
islands and into Spain. Some years later, the turkey became generally known in Europe ; and after
the visit of Alpinus, was introduced into Egypt, where one of its names “ Maltese fowl ” indicates the
route of transmission.
The musk duck. Anas moschata, domesticated in Central America as early possibly as this date :
_ “ geese like ours ” were observed by Columbus in 1493 in the houses of the natives on Guadalupe ;
and were afterwards met with in Honduras (F, Columb. 47 and 90). A. moschata is known to occur
in the wild state in Guayana (Schomburgk edit. Ralegh), and I have seen specimens from Surinam.
As transported to Europe, the domesticated bird is figured by Belon, and has since become well
known ; its presence in Egypt, may be inferred from a remark of Ciot-Bey. The bird is kept with
other poultry in our Middle and Southern States, straying in some instances and reverting to
secondary wildness. By European colonists also, the bird was carried to the Hawaiian Islands.
Lycopersicum esculentum of Central America or the neighbouring portion of South America.
The tomato was called “ tomatl ” and sown among maize by the ancient Mexicans — (Humb. iv. 9).
Transported to Europe, is described by Gesner, termed “ tumatle americanorum ” by Guilmdinus,
“ mala peruviana” by Eyst. (Bauhin hist. iii. 621); is also described by Anguillara, Lobel, and
Camerarius; was observed by Chaubard under cultivation in G reece; by Delile, and Ciot-Bey,
abundantly cultivated in Egypt and called “ bydingan toumaten.” Also by Europeans was carried
Westward-across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it has become a lavourite with the natives
and is called in 7 agalo “ tom ates” or “ camatis ” (B lanco); to the neighbouring islands, called bv
the Malays “ tomatte ” (Rumph. v. 416) ; to Anam (Loureir.) ; to Burmah, called there '‘kha-yan'-
myæ-phung” (M asón); to Hindustan, observed there by Roxburgh, by Nimmo thriving luxuriantly
at Surat, by Gibson, and Graham, naturalized “ in many parts of the D eccan,” and called “ wall
w angee;” to the Mauritius Islands (A. D ec.). In Northern climates, its cultivation is increasing
in importance, was introduced into Barbadoes only in the middle of the Eighteenth century (H u-hes
148), was unknown within my memory in Eastern New England, but I found it extended in 1841 to
the Kooskoosky mission-station in Oregon.
“ Ih e same year” (Alst., and N icol.), at Rome, Joannes the seventh succeeded by Sisinnius
or Zosimus ; and before the close of the year, by Constantinus, twenty-third archbishop.
“ 709 A. D. About this time ” (Blair), the “ Laws of the Saxons ” published by Ina king of Wessex.
“ The same year” (Beda, and Cockayne iii. 452), Offa having abandoned his wife and country
to become a monk in Rome, succeeded as king of E ssex by Selred.
710 A. D. ( = “ 3d year of Genonei,” art de veril), in Japan, building of the temple of Koobo-
kusi, to contain the idol of Xaco, made of gold and bronze by the celebrated sculptor Taisoquan
(Chi“n eTshe ec hsaromne. ytaebarle =). ‘king-yan,’ ist year of Jo. ui-tsouiig, of the T h ang” or Fifteenth dynast^y —
“ The same year” (art de verif.), by permission of khalif Walid,'entrance of the Muslims into
Spam .— After three years (Blair), they obtained possession.
“ The same year” (Alst.), a synod at London. Confirming the use of image-symbols and the celibacy of the priesthood.
“ 711 A. D .” (Biogr. Univ.), accession of Dagobert II., king of the Franks.
^^n this year” (Alst.;, Justinian II. succeeded by Philippicus, twentieth Byzantine emperor.
“ In this year ( = 4th of Ghen-mio,” ann. Jap. transl T its.), Foudo-no Yasou maro (T ai Ngan
ma im) publishing the Ko-si-ki or history of Japan, from the earliest times down to “ 597 A. D .”
In this year ( = 92 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Second Muslim invasion of Hindustan. Leaviire
bliiraz, Mohammed Casim with “ six thousand” men reached Dewal or Dival, the seaport of Sind
(near or within the delta ol the Indus), captured the temple aud town and circumcised the bramins
Next proceeding to the head of the delta and up the Indus, he defeated the Hindu king Dahir and
obtained possession of his capital Alor (near Bakkar on the Indus) and of all Sind.
7J3 A. D. = ‘ kai-youan,’ ist year of Ming-hoang-ti ” or Hiouan-tsoung, of the Than» or Fifteenth
dynasty (Chinese chron. table). Arrival in this year (Gaubil, and Pauth. 311) of an embassy
torn the king of Kia-che-mi-Io (Cashmere), a country inimical to Thibet, surrounded by very hioh
mountains, and not easily invaded: from king Chin-tho-Io-pi-li, in Sanscrit Chandrapida, for aid
against the Arabs (Gildemeist. 13, and Wilson note to Vishnu purana iv. 24).
e m p e /Y Phil'Ppicus succeeded by Anastasius IL, twenty-first Byzantine
D iet Y" ( = 6 t h of Ghen-mio,” ann. Jap. transl. Tits.), the Foo-to-ki (Fung-thou-ki) comof
Japlite"'"'"'"“ " ft’® Ptaovinces, cities, mountains, plants, birds, and quadrupeds
tlie T N Y Sept. >sth,” Ebn Khallikan, and Gildem. 12), expedition of
tthhee ffii rst. ev”e r sent to Kthuet aAibraa bbs.e n Muslim against Kashgar; and a treaty made with Chinese le“»ates
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