2 10 c h r o n o l o g i c a l A R R A N G EM E N T
Artemisia Indica of Eastern Asia. Called in Persian “ arlemasaya,” in Sanscrit “ dana” or
“ dona” (Lindl,), in the environs of Bombay “ doona” or “ mustaroo ” (Graham), in Hindustanee
“ mastaru” or “ majtari,” in Telinga “ machipatri,” in Tamil “ machipattiri,” in Bengalee “ mastam”
(Drur.), in Tagalo “ tinisas” or “ ca Maria” or “ Santa Maria” (Blanco), in Japan “ g a i ” or usually
“ iamogi” or “ motjigusa” or “ fu r s ” (Thunb.) ; and perhaps the “ armoise” collected, according to
an ode of tlie time of Ping-wang* — (Chi-King i. 6. S) : the “ a i ” herb of Meng-tseu ii. t. 9 dried for
three years before being used medicinally, is referred to this genus by Stanislaus Julien : A. Indica is
known to grow in China and Nepal (Lindl.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan,
and moxa made of the leaves ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, long known and much used medicinally
among the native women, and moxa made by the Chinese of tlie dried leaves. Westward, the “ dona”
flower was worshipped by the Hindus in the Festival of spring (Puranas, and H. H. Wils. ind. dram,
ii. 264) ; and the “ d’hyama” or “ maruvaka” of Susrutas sutr. 28 to chikits. 22 and kalp. 7, is referred
here by Hessler : A. Indica was observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, and Drury, on the high
lands of Mysore and other parts of Hindustan; by Rheede .x, pl. 45, in Malabar; by Graham, at
“ Poorundhur F o r t” and “ common on high lands in the Deccan ; ” by myself, at the Karli cave-temple
; and according to Lindley, is considered “ a powerful deobstruent and antispasmodic.” (See A.
vulgari.s)
768 B. C. ( = 804 y. 49%||- d. — “ 38th year ” of twelve lunations of 2 K. xv. 8), Jeroboam II.
succeeded by his son Zachariah,'fourteenth king of Israel. Who reigned “ six months” only.
767 B. C. ( = 767 y. 97f | f d. = S04 y. 49J I j d. — “ 39th year ” of twelve lunations of 2 K. xv.
13), Zachariah slain and succeeded by Shallum. Who, after reigning “ a full month,” was slain and
succeeded by Menahem, sixteenth king of Israel.
The Assyrian emperor Pul invading the land, “ a thousand talents of silver ” paid him by Menahem,
to be confirmed in the kingdom of Israel (2 K. xv. 19, and i Chron. v. 26). The emperor Pul
or Phulus is mentioned by Alexander Polyhistor (in Euseb. i. 4 p. 18).
One hundred and sixth generation. May ist, 767, mostly beyond youth: Jeiel the scribe (2
Chron. xxvi. ii), the prophet Hosea: the Greek poets Cinaethon, Eumelus, Antimachus of Teos,
Cercops of Miletus, Creophilus, and Stasinus of Cyprus.
A fter the affray at the temple of Diana (Heraclid. p. 214, Strab. vi. p. 257, and Clint, i. p. 251),
Rhegium in Southern Italy founded by Greek colonists from Chalcis in Euboea. The expedition
was accompanied by fugitive Messenians from the Peloponnesus.
Clematis vitalba of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A woody vine called in Britain
traveller's joy (Prior), in Germany “ teufelswirn ” (Grieb), in Italy “ vitalba ” or “ clematitide ” (Lenz),
in Greece “ agriôampëli ” (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the “ ampëlôn arsënôthëlun ” investing a
wild fig-tree on the site selected for the new city, in fulfilment of the “ arsëna thëlus ôpuiëi ” of the
Oracle — (Diodor. viii. 25); also the “ klematitis ” mentioned confusedly by Pamphilus (Galen simpl.
med. vii. 31), by Dioscorides iv. 179 as climbing around trees like “ smilax,” and having acrid ulcerating
leaves : C. vitalba was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard frequent in hedges from the
Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Constantinople ; is known to grow also in the Crimea
(Lindl.). Westward, the account of the “ clematida” by Pliny xxiv. 49 seems taken from Dioscorides
: but C. vitalba is described by Lobel pl. 626 ; is termed “ virgin’s bower ” by Gerarde (Prior),
“ c. sylvestris latifolia” by Tournefort inst. 293; v/as observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near
Marseilles, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Jacq. aust. pl. 308,
Curt. lond. iv. pl. 37, and Pers.). Its “ fruit and leaves ” according to Lindley are “ acrid and vesicant,
dangerous taken internally; the latter have been used as a rubefacient.” (Compare Tamus Crética,
dioecious but unknown in Italy).
“ 766 B. C .” (argum. Chi-King i. I I . 3), war declared by Sian-kong, first king of Tsin, against
the barbarians on the Western frontier, f
“ 764 B. C.” (Pausan., Euseb., and Clint,), Polychares of Messenia declared the Fourth Olympic
victor. — The injuries received by him twenty years later were the immediate cause of the First
Messenian war.
* Artemisia moxa of China. About two feet high, hoary, branching, and shrubby, the proper
moxa weed (Lindl.), and probably the “ armoise ” in question : — A. moxa was received by Besser.
abr. 3 from China; is described also by Decandolle prod. vi. 121. Moxa according to Lindley is
procured “ from many other plants,” and serves as a convenient mode of applying the actual cautery.
f Prunus Kaeotpferi oi Eastern Asia. The sour plum : the “ moei ” tree growing according to
an ode of this period on mount Tchong-nan — (Chi-King i. 11. 5) is referred by Lacharme to a kind
of plum with fruit altogether acid. A Prunus apparently differing from P. domestica was observed
by Bunge under cultivation in China (A. D e c .); and the “ malus p é r s ica ” seen by Kaempfer, and
Thunberg, in Japan, may also be compared.
O F A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
“ The same year = end of the Cali Yug, or Iron Age,” among the Hindus (Graha Munjari
tables, and Bentley as. res. viii. 244). The authorship of the First table not earlier therefore than
this date.
763 B. C. ( = 753 + “ 10 yrs ” of both Maneth. tables), Osôrhô succeeded by P.sam-
môus, third king of the Twenty-third dynasty. The name of king Psimut occurs on
the temple at Karnak, and on the ruins of a small building in the immediate vicinity —
(Leps. k. pl. 46, and Glid. analect.).
759 B. C. ( = 803 — “ 44 y e a r s ” = 715 + “ 44 y e a r s ” of the Egyptian
Chronicle and Euseb.-Maneth. table = 753 + “ 6 y e a r s ” of the Afr.-Maneth.
table), accession of Vöhhöris the Saite, only king of the Twenty-fourth dynasty.
The name of king Bokenrenf occurs on contemporaneous monuments — (Leps. k.
_____ pl. 46).
Echinops spinosus of the Desert and its borders from the Atlantic to Hindustan. A species
o i globe thistle called in Egypt “ khachyr” or “ sjok edsjemmel” camel thorn or thistle (D e l, and
Forsk.); and the Egyptian “ sarshamöul ” — (ms. Par.) may be compared; also the “ akantha lëuke ”
of Hellanicus, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides: E. spinosus was observed by Forskal, Delile, and
mvself in the Egyptian Desert, sought for by camels according to Forskal although so full of thorns.
Farther North, is termed “ echinopus creticus capite magno aculeato” by Tournefort cor. 34; was
observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus and the Greek islands, by Chaubard, in arid open situations in the
Peloponnesus ; and Westward, by Desfontaines ii. p. 310 in Barbary (Pers.). Eastward from Egypt,
the “ E. echinatus ” of Roxburgh, and Graham, as growing on the Deccan, appeared to me identical.
“ 758 B. C.” (= 746 + “ 12 years ” of Diodor., Euseb., and Clint.), and (according lo Diodorus’
numbers) forty-one years after the death of his father Aristodemus, accession of Telestes as eleventh
king of Corinth. Telestes was in the fifth generation from Bacchis.
757 B. C. ( = 804 y. 49/11 d. — “ 50th year ” of twelve lunations of 2 K. xv. 23), Menahem
succeeded by his son Pekahiah, seventeenth king of Israel.
“ The same y e a r ” (Aristot., Euseb., and Clint, i. p. 338), Ephori instituted, or at least invested
with political importance by Theopompus, one of the two Spartan kings ; the ninth in the Proclid
line. (The accession of Theopompus, is however placed by Apollodorus’ numbers seven years later).
A saying of Theopompus is extant — (Plut. pol. præc. p. 816).
“ 756 B. C .” { . argum. Chi-King i. 5. i), death of Ou-kong, king of Ouei.
“ In this year ” (Euseb., and Clint, i. p. 156), on the Black Sea, Trapezus or Trebizond founded by
Milesian Greeks from Sinope.
755 B. C. ( = 804 y. 49/11 d. — “ 52d y e a r ” of twelve lunations of 2 K. xv. 27 = 756 y. 217/-H
d. _ “ 2 years ” of twelve lunations of 2 K. xv. 23), Pekahiah slain and succeeded by Pekah, eighteenth
king of Israel.
Isaiah i. i prophesying before the accession of Jotham. — and as late as the reign of Hezekiah.
Cuminum cyminum of Abyssinia. Called in English gardens cummin (Ainsw.), in French
“ cumin” (Nugent), in German “ Römischer kummel,” in Italian “ comino ” or “ cymino ” (Lenz), in
Greece “ kuminö” (Fraas), in Egypt “ kammoun” (Del), in Egyptian “ thapën” or “ tapën” (transl.
Matth.) or “ tapn ” (ms. Par.) ; in which we recognize the '1H>I kmn cultivated in Palestine in the
days of Isaiah xxviii. 25 to 27, — the “ kuminôn” of Matthew xxiii. 23, and the Egyptian kind of
Hippocrates (Plin.), and Dioscorides ; C. cuminum was observed by Abd-allatif, Delile, Clot-Bey,
and niyself, a favorite object o f cultivation in Egypt. Farther North, the “ kuminôn” is mentioned
by Aristophanes, Theophrastus, Nicander; “ kuminôn ëmëron ” by Dioscorides as cultivated especially
in Asia Minor; and “ kuminö” seeds imported from Smyrna were found by Fraas much used
in Greece. Westward, the “ cuminum” or “ cyminum” is mentioned by Horace, Persius, Columella,
and Apicius, doubtless the imported seeds, but a kind brought from Africa is enumerated by Pliny
XX. 37: C. cyminum is described by Morison ix. pl. 2 ; and is occasionally seen in gardens in Italy
and middle Europe (Cav. iv. pl. 360, Pers., and Lenz). Eastward from Palestine, was observed by
Graham at Bombay, “ cultivated in gardens” and called “ z e e r a ;” by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other
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although “ carminative ” are “ chiefly used in veterinary surgery.”
Pulicaria odora of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ agrioskarphi ” (Fraas), in
Egypt “ ghobbeyreh” (De l.), in Yemen “ chaa ” or “ munis” or “ neschusch” (Forsk.), by the
prophets “ kronos ” (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the r i r O h notzwtz of Isaiah vii. 19, — and
Iv. 13 : P. odora was observed by Lippi in Egypt, by Delile in the Desert environs of Suez, and^ by
Forskal p. 150 under cultivation everywhere in Yemen for its pleasant odour, edible leaves, medicinal
use, and its flowers worn in garlands. Farther North, the “ konuza arrén ” of Theophrastus vi.