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1070 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
— The beginning of researches which have led to similar discoveries at the bottom of most of the
Swiss lakes.
“ 1854, Sept. 3 d ” (Sieb. elucid. Vries p. 69), during the Crimean war, Urup supposed to be a
Russian island, taken possession of by two French frigates. The Russian ambassador Putiatine
happening to be in Japan, where he had proposed the cession of Urup to Russia, the consent of the
Japanese government was now obtained, — and in accordance therewith, a treaty was soon framed
(see 1856).
Hardly later than this year (A. Dec. g. b. 1009), Lecoq and Lamotte publishing their Cat.
plant, centr.*
‘■In this y ear” (title-page), Winckler publishing his Botanical writers.
1854-5 (Inman), act of Congress for organizing the territories of Kansas and Nebraska.
“ 1S55 .A. D .” (title-page and pref ), Alphonse Decandolle publishing his Geogr. Bot.
“ 1856 A. D.” (Sieb. p. 70, and journ. St. Petersb. 28th Apr. 1857), by treaty, the boundary
between Russia and Japan to be in future between Yeterop and Urup; Urup with the Northern
Kurils to belong to Russia, and the large island of Krafto (Saghalien) to-be neutral ground.
“ July and September” (Humb. cosm. v.), the mountain chain of the Kuen-lun, stretching East
and West, reached and traversed by the brothers Hermann and Robert Schlagintweit; journeying
from Ladak over the Karakorum pass “ 18,304 fe e t ” in elevation.
“ In this y e a r ” (Troyon pref.), publication by Wilde of his Researches, “ commenced in 1836,”
on the crannoges or lake-dwellings of the ancient Irish.
“ 1859, August ” (Boston Transcript for July 28th, T871), oil having been remarked for many years
floating in small patches down Oil Creek, a tributary of the Alleghany in Pennsylvania, boring undertaken
by one of the inhabitants, Drake, residing there, and at the depth of “ seven hundred fe e t ” the
source of supply reached. The commencement of traffic \\x petroleum.
“ In this year ” (title-page), A. Gray publishing a revised edition ofhis Flor. North, U. States.
“ i860, Oct. 13th” (Dallet ii. 463), Pekin captured by the combined forces of the English and
French. A panic prevailed in consequence throughout Corea, but gradually subsided,— and after
about a year the persecutions against Christians recommenced.
“ November” (Dallet hist. Cor. p. ii.), territory in Mandshuria, extending along the Pacific as
far South as the Corean frontier and the mouth of the Tou-man-kang in 41° 50', ceded by China to
Russia.
“ In this y e a r ” (title-page, and pref.), Chapman publishing his Flor. South. U. States.
“ 1S61, March 20th, a quarter to eight p.m.” (letter in Boston Journal of May 6th), severe eaz'ih-
quake felt throughout Chili ; and East of the Andes, in “ about six seconds ” levelling the city of
Mendoza containing “ more than twelve thousand ” inhabitants, leaving “ not a house ” standing.
“ April I2tb ” (Bemis in Boston Advertiser of May 3d, 1S65), Fort Sumter in Charleston harbour
assailed by the populace ; and on the “ 14th,” captured.
“ April 15th,” letter from Lyons, British minister at Washington, announcing the intention of
President Lincoln “ to adopt coercive measures against the South.” The letter was “ received in
London, April 30th ” (parliam. blue b. i. p. 19, and Bemis).
Aroused from bed at “ two a.m.” and informed of the call for troops, Capt. Dyke of Stoneham
reported at “ half past nine ” at Boston, with his company full and “ fully equipped.” At “ half past
f iv e ” in the evening, the Sixth regiment left Boston : and April 19th, not “ forty-eight” hours from
his midnight summons, Capt. Dyke was lying wounded in Baltimore, more than four hundred miles
from home (Boston Journal of April 24th).
“ April 19th,” proclamation by President Lincoln, announcing the intention of blockading the
ports of seven States, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.
“ April 27th,” a second proclamation; including with the above North Carolina and Virginia, they
having in the interval joined the insurrection. The blockade was actually established “ April 30th ”
in the Chesapeake ; off Charleston, “ May 13th off Mobile, “ May 27th ; ” and off the mouths of
the Mississippi, “ May 28th ” (Bemis).
“ April 20th ” (Boston Traveller of May Sth, and other newspapers), balloon-voyage of T. S. C.
Lowe from Cincinnati to Pea Ridge district in South Carolina, more than a thousand miles, in “ nine
hours.”
“ April 22d,” letter from minister Lyons at Washington, communicating the blockade proclamation.'
The letter was received in London “ May loth ” (parliam, blue b. i. 23, London Times of March
22d, 1865, and Bemis).
* Arenaria ligericina of France. Observed by Lecoq and Lamotte 104 on the mountains of
Central France — (A. Dec.; see A. ciliata).
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . .10 7 1
“ May 6th” (Hansard, ancl Bemis), by the British government, announcement in parliament of
the intention of recognizing the slaveholding insurgents as a belligerent power. “ May 13th,” the
proclamation to that effect issued, declaring tliat “ hostilities have unhappily commenced,” and enjoining
neutrality. “ In the evening,” after the issuing of the proclamation, minister Adams of the new
administration at Washington, landed in England (Bemis). Representations were made through the
British minister at Paris, tliat the insurgents should be “ investecl with all the rights and prerogatives
of a belligerent; ” and at the end of “ a month,” the French proclamation was issued (parliam. blue
b. iii. p. I, and Bemis).
In this year’s Report on the Harvard Library, John L. Sibley states : “ The demand for materials
to be converted into paper has increased enormously within a few years. Junk dealers and tinmen
penetrate every part of New England in search of rags, and latterly they have commenced purchasing
books and pamphlets, for this purpose. Ninety-eight tons of bocks and pamphlets were ground up
in only one of the paper mills in Massachusetts in one year.”
“ June 25th” (Boston newspaper), Abd-el-Medjid succeeded by Abd-el Aziz Khan, thirty-third
Turkish sultan.
“ July 13th ” (opin. judges Nelson and others, Bemis), hostilities at length resolved upon by the
American government, and civil war recognized by act of Congress.
*■ 1862, March loth ” (Boston Journal of March 15th), revolutiozi iu naval warfare initiated by a
combat between iron-clads : the ram Merrimac defeated on the Lower Chesapeake by the Monitor;
a revolving sea-turret invented and constructed by Ericsson.
“■ 1863, Jan. 1st,” proclamation by president Lincoln, Freeing the slaves in the revolted States.
A New Englander according to governor Andrew (Boston Journal of Jan. qtli) is “ not unfrequently
an expert in divers callings. In the winter he cuts ice ” for “ Calcutta, and he goes fisliing in
the summer on the Banks of Newfoundland. He carries on his father's homestead in the growing
season, and makes boots for Boston market in the intervals of farming.” He “ goes to college for his
own education, and teaches school himself in the college vacation.” He “ scours the Pacific in a New
Bedford whaler while he is young and fond of adventure, and settles down at last the keeper of a
country store: ” manufactures “ plows and reapers in Massachusetts, and puts his earnings into railroads
in Michigan, Iowa, and Wisconsin.”
About the beginning of this year (Lond. Times quoted in Boston Journ. Feb. loth), Egypt, after
furnishing troops in Eastern wars for more than five thousand years, first sending soldiers to America.
The French transport Seine, having landed “ a body of troops for Cochin China,” received on board
through the connivance of the viceroy “ four or five hundred” of his Negro soldiei's to be employed
in the war in Mexico. — Four years later, arrival home “ of the Egyptian battalion which has been
fighting” in Mexico, “ reduced in numbers from seven hundred to three hundred and fifty, all the men
remaining decorated with “ French and Mexican orders” (Bost. Transcr. July I2lh , 1867).
Before the close of the year (Dicey in Nineteenth Cent. mag. for 1S77), Said Pasha succeeded by
Ismail Pasha as viceroy of Egypt. — He continues ruling in the present year 1S7S, and is called “ the
Khedive.”
“ The same y e a r ” (Boston Journal of May 4th), in return for a patent medicine “ largely sold
in Egypt,” arrival in Boston of a cargo of rags ; consisting in great part of mummy-rags, now used
‘■for paper stock.”
“ In this y e a r ” (title-page), Prior publishing his Popular names of British plants.
“ i86.|. May 5 th” (Grant’s report), Bermuda Hundred and City Point, at the junction of the
Appomattox and James rivers, occupied by an army under Gen. B. F. Butler.
The same year (journ. Bost. soc. nat. liist.), emery discovered in America by C. T . Jackson; in
an extensive vein or bed, at Chester in Western Massachusetts.
“ 1865, Feb. 1st” (Grant’s report), Gen. W. T. Sherman witli an army, having traversed Georgia
from Atlanta to Savannah, now turned Northeast, continuing by land through the Carolinas.
“.April 9th” (Grant’s report), surrender to Gen. U. S. Grant of the insurgent army driven from
Richmond : followed by the surrender of the insurgent forces everywhere, virtually closing the war.
April 14th, Friday, about 10 p.m. (Stanton offic. account), assassination of president Lincoln.
“ 1866, Jan. 30th at 3J p.m.,” full moon at New York; the succeeding full moon to take place
“ March ist about 7 a.m.,” leaving the intervening month of February without a full moon (N. Y.
Evening Post of Feb. 24th).
“ In this y e a r ” (Dallet hist. Cor. p. Ixii to cv), severe persecution of Christians in Gorea,
Pourthid and other French missionaries put to death; and their manuscript writings, including a
Corean-Cliinese-Latin dictionary by Pourthie, a Cliinese-Corean-Frencli dictionary by Daveluy, and
a Latin-Corean dictionary by Petitnicolas, seized and burned. — A Corean grammar and dictionary,
compiled subsequently by Ridel assisted by native Christians, was ready for publication in 1874.
“ Before the close of the y e a r ” (Dallet p. cxcii), French intervention to punish the murder and
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