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344 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
both kinds it would seem from Dioscorides being eaten as potherbs, and their fruit used medicinally;
Pliny XX. 83 e.xpressly states tliat the “ atriplex silvestre ” is used for the same purposes as the
cultivated kind, and besides for dyeing the hair : C. bonus-henricus was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in mountainous situations from the Peloponnesus to Aetolia. Westward,
is described by Gerarde, Bauhin hist. ii. 965, and Parkinson ; is termed “ ch. folio triangulo ”
by Toumetort inst. 506 ; is known to occur in waste places throughout middle Europe as far as
Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 579, and Pers.) ; was once much cultivated in Britain, but is regarded by
Babington, and Watson, as probably exotic and now naturalized. By European colonists, was
carried to Northeast America, observed by niyself in cultivated ground in the environs of Salem.
A rum arisaruin of the Mediterranean countries. A small species called in Greece “ thrakontia ”
(Sib th .); and clearly the APIMY acrid BOABION; EN; f lYPOIC prescribed, especially that
from Egypt, in 2 Mul. morb. 63 :— the “ aris” growing in Egypt and resembling the “ aro ” but
smaller with smaller leaves and a root not exceeding the size of a large olive, is nientioned by Pliny
xxiv, 98, also by Galen voc. Hipp. 442, and Hesychius; and the “ arisaron” having according to
Dioscorides an olive-like root and more acrid than the “ arou,” is referred here by writers : A. arisaruin
was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, extremely frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout
Greece ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt, and by myself in winter near the pyramids.
AVestward, is termed “ arisaruin latifolium majus ” by Tournefort inst. 161 ; was observed by Savi iv.
101 in Italy (Spreng.).; and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe, as well as in
Barbary (Pers.).
Polypodhmi vulgare of Northern Climates. Called in Britain polypody or by the older herbalists
oak-feru (Prior), in Italy “ felce quercina” or “ polipodio quercino” (Lenz), in Greece “ thën-
thrôphthëiri ” (Fraas) or “ polupothi” (S ib th .); in which we recognize the f l O A Y n O A I O N
prescribed in i Mul. morb. 45, — mentioned by Theophrastus caus, ii. 17.4 as sometimes growing on
trees, by Dioscorides as a span high and growing on mossy rocks and trunks of trees : P. vulgare
was observed by'Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in such situations in Greece ; is known to
grow also in Siberia (Hook.). Westward, the pôlupôthiôn ” or “ skôlôpënthrôn ” or “ pölurrizöii ” is
identified in Syn. Diosc, with the “ phiiikoula phloukitalis ” of the Romans, by Pliny xxvi. 37 with the
“ filiculam : ” P. vulgare was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary, by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to
grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Iceland (Hook., and Bory). Farther West,
is known to grow in Subarctic America from Lat. 64° to 54° (Hook.), has been observed by myself
along the Atlantic from Northern New England to Lat. 39°, is known to grow on the Alleghanies as
far as Alabama (Chapm.), was observed by Nuttall along the Arkansas, and again by myself along
the Pacific at Puget Sound.
Piper nigrum of Tropical Hindustan. The black pepper of commerce is called in Tamil
“ molagoo-vully,” in Telinga “ moloovoo-kodi ” (Drur.), in ¡Bengalee “ golmarich,” in Hindustanee
“ filfil” or “ golmirch” (D roz.) or “ mirtsh ” (Fleming), in the environs of Bombay “ miree ” or
“ k a lam ir e e ” (Graham); in wliich we recognize the Indian round pepper called M Y P T I A A N O N
of 2 Mul. morb.,— the “ strongulon pëpëri ’’ distinguished by Theophrastus ix. 20. i, and “ mëlan”
kind of Dioscorides, Pliny xii. 14, and Galen fac. simpl iii. 97 ; also the “ fulful ” of Rhazes, Avicenna,
Abd-allatif, and Ebn Baitar: pepper is termed “ sacrum ” by Persius, and down to the Fifth century
was so highly valued as to be enumerated by Attila among other things required for the ransom of the
city o f Rome (Drur.) : in regard to the ancient route of importation, I saw on the Nile a quantity of
black pepper that had been brought from Mecca across the Red Sea and through the Thebaid. Eastward
from Arabia, the vine producing it was observed by Rheede vii. 12, Roxburgh, and Graham, uncler
cultivation in Hindustan ; by Mason v. 494 “ exotic ” in Burmah, “ often seen creeping up the trees ”
and called “ nya-yoke-koung ; ” by Marsden, on Sumatra, at the present clay the principal seat of its
cultivation. By European colonists, was carried to the West Inclies, where according to Lindley it is
also successfully cultivated.
Piper trioicum, regarded as the original state of the same plant by Wight, and Miquel, is called
in Telinga “ murial-tiga ” (Roxb.), in the environs of Bombay “ cockerwail ” (Grah.) ; v/as found by
Ro.xburgh wild in moist rich soil shaded with trees among the Circar mountains ; by Graham,
“ clothing the trunks ot high trees ” at Lanowlee not far from Bombay. Roxburgh commenced a
plantation of some fifty acres, which from 1789 yielded abundantly, and the product was rated by tlie
merchants equal to the best Malabar pepper (Lindl, and Drur.).
Piper betle o i the Malayan archipelago. The betel vine is called in Sanscrit “ nagurulee ” or
“ tamboolee ” or “ tambooluvulle,” in Bengalee “ pan ” (Lindl.), in Hindustanee “ p an ” or “ lambol ”
(D ro z .) , and at Bombay the roots as a stimulant medicine “ paun-ka-jhar ” or “ pippla mool ”
(Vau p e ll); in which we recognize the I NAI KOY of 2 M u l morb. 47 — identified through Galen
with the “ pëpërëôs riz a ” of Dioscorides ii. 188; also the “ fulful mujah ” root of pepper plant
mentioned by Ishak ben Amran, Ebn Masah, Avicenna p. 237, and Ebn Baitar. The plant itself is
called “ tanbul” o r “ tamul” by Maserjawia, Abu Hanifa, Masudi, Haly Abbas, Gafeki, Avicenna,
Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar; and the imported folded leaves have sometimes reached Egypt, where
“ fufal” or “ areca & b e te l” are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as “ masticatorium.” Farther
South, P. betle was observed by myself under cultivation on Zanzibar. Eastward, by Rheede vii.
p l 15, Roxburgh, Graliam, and myself, under cultivation in Hindustan ; by Burmann pl. 82, on
Ceylon; by Mason v. 495 “ e x o tic ” in Burmah, extensively cultivated by the natives and called
“ kwon-rvvet ; ” by Rumphius v. pl. 116, and myself, under cultivation throughout the Malayan
archipelago, but by Blume once found wild in a marsh among mountains on Java (Lindl.). By
European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, where according to Lindley it is now cultivated.
(See Areca catechu).
“ 313 B. C.” (Hindu narr., Benfey, and Buns.), Pataliputra* on the Ganges captured and the
sons of Nanda dethroned ; Sandracottus establishing himself there as king. — Pataliputra (not far
from Patna) was visited by Fa-hian.
“ 312 B. C.” (Diodor., and Clint.), at Gaza, Demetrius Poliorcetes defeated by Ptolemy and
Seleucus Nicator. Babylonia was now seized by Seleucus ; whose entrance into Babylon “ March
13th, T u e sd ay ” (Blair) marks the Era o f the Seleucidæ. — Used especially by the Jews, under the
name “ Dhilcarnain ” or “ Era of contracts.”
Clearchus of Soli, a pupil of Aristotle, possibly at this time writing.
Prunus domestica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. In its wild state called in
France “ prunelle,” in Lorraine “ brimbelle ” (F é e ); in which we recognize the BPABYAON
growing according to Clearchus on Sicily and Rhodes, — mentioned also by Seleucus, Theocritus
vii. 14s, Athenaeus ii. 10, and Galen alim. fac. ii. 38 ; and “ brabyla ” by Pliny xxvii. 32. Cultivated
kinds are called in Britain prune or damson (Prior), in Greece “ thamaskênëa ” (Fraas), in which
we recognize the “ prôumnës ” having a gum of Theophrastus ix. i, the “ kôkkumêlëa” called in Asia
“ pröumnön” of Galen simpl, med. fac. vii. 35, and the Syrian “ kôkkumêlëa ” growing according
to Dioscorides especially at Damascus and the fruit dried : P. domestica was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece and sometimes growing spontaneously ; is known
to grow wild around Caucasus and the Talysch mountains (Pall. fl. ross. i. p. 18, Ledeb., and A. Dec.);
was observed by Forskal, Delile, and CIot-Bey, under cultivation in E g yp t; and by Forskal, under
cultivation on the mountains of Yemen. Westward, the “ cereolum et damasci prunum ” is mentioned
by Columella x. 405, the “ damascena ” or “ pruna in damasco monte nata ” is enumerated by Pliny
xiii. 10 and xv. 12 as a tree but recently introduced into Italy, and the dried fruit “ pruna pere-
grinae senectae ” is mentioned as laxative by Martial xiii. 29: P. domestica is termed “ p. fructu
cerei coloris ” by Tournefort inst. 622, and cultivated varieties are familiarly known in the gardens
of Europe. By European colonists, some of these varieties have been carried to Northeast America,
where they continue frequent in gardens in our Northern and Middle States.
“ The same year ” (Sm. b. d., and Lubke and Lutrow), the “ via Appia ” or oldest Italian road,
built by the censor Appius Claudius Caecus ; the earliest literary Roman, writing however in Greek.
He also built the oldest of the fourteen aqueducts that supply Rome with water.
“ 311 B. C.” (Sm. b. d.), C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus and Q. Aemilius Barbula consuls, the
Etruscans having declared war, defeated by the Romans.
“ In this y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), Roxana widow of Alexander, and her son Alexander Aegus, put to
death by Cassander.
Y’A«?« of the Mediterranean countries. A species o f / r a called in Italy “ araco nero ”
(Lenz), in Greece “ aukös a g riö s ” (Sibth.); in which we recognize the APAKQN of Dieuches —
(Oribas. iv. 8), mentioned as a cultivated pulse by Phanias of Eresus (Athen. ix. 71), and Clemens
Alexandrinus strom. i. 7 ; by Theophrastus viii. 8. 3 as springing up among lentils, its seeds hard
and rough ; P. ochrus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in cultivated ground from
the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; and the “ aracus ” is enumerated by Alpinus among the esculent plants
of Egypt. Westward, the “ cicer nigrum ” is distinguished by Pliny xviii, 32 to xxii. 71 ; P. ochrus is
* Bignonia suaveolens of Tropical Hindustan. A flowering tree called in the environs of Bombay
“ purul ” (Graham), in Sanscrit “ patali ” (Koenig) ; and giving its name to the city of Pat’ali putra
on the Ganges — (C. Mull, note to Arrian ind. 10) : “ patala ” flowers are mentioned in the Saddharma
pundarika (Burn. ii. 218 to 415), by Jayadeva (res. asiat. iv. 291), Susrutas, Harivansa 18, and as
red by Kalidasa raghuv. xvi. 52 to xix. 46 : the “ po-tch’a-li ” seen by Hiouen-Thsang 8 in Hindustan,
is referred here by Stanislaus-Julien : B. suaveolens was observed by Gibson, and Graham, on the
Ueccan, its “ flowers in terminal panicles, of a dark purple colour and very fragrant ; ” is termed
“ b. gratissima ” by Koenig; and was observed by him, and Roxburgh, in Tranquebar and other
parts of Hindustan.
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