I;
"'■■«' y A .i>!
I •ta •;' '
• - V '/ to w J ! tt ■•.?
Ufe W t i ) .'
n r
# á ; ;1 Ji-to'-to'-' YH ' "
m '1 Y 1 { If /|| 1# 0Í,|||:
CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
As early as this vear (see addit. art de verif.), the Quito district invaded by Huayna Capac, sent
by his father the IncY Tupac Yupanqui. — After “ three years” resistance, the country was subdued;
great buildings were erected by the Inca and his son, which the natives called Quito, “ whence the city
took its name” (Ciez. xl). • j i
By means of a system of posts at intervals of half a league, verbal messages were transmitted by
runners in “ eight days” from Quito to Cuzco, a distance of “ six hundred leagues (Ciez. xii,
and xiii). '
“ 1473 A. U.” (Alst. p. 308, and C. Zeno 16), the Persian king having crossed the Euphrates,
finally defeated by the Turks under Mohammed II. ; and compelled to retire.
“ The same year (Nicoh), a synod at Madrid. “ To remedy the ignorance of the Spanish clergy,
scarcely one of whom understood Latin.”
“ The same year” (Blair), the study of the Greek language brought into France by Gregoras
Tiphernas. r -d
“ 1474 A. D.” (Stanley edit. Barb. 50 and 69), returning with a Persian ambassador, Josafa Barbaro
arriving at the court of the Persian king Assambei or Plassan Beg.— He remained in Persia
“ five years.”
“’in this year” (Burm. hist., and Mason 27), Oop.traza with the title of Dhammawatie reigmng m
Pegm.
“ In or about 1475 A. D. (— 1400 an. jav.,” Raffles ix to xi, Crawfurd gives 1478). in Java, capture
and destruction of Majapahit by Muslim converts under prince Raden Patah. The seat of government
was. now removed to Demak. Mohammedanism becoming the established religion.
“ In or about 1475 A. D.” (Garc. de la Vega, the addit. art de verif. giving “ 1523 —his 42d
year” = 14S2), Tupac Yupanqui succeeded by his son Huayna Capac, now twelfth Inca of Peru.
Huayna Capac went beyond his father, and declared, That the sun must have a “ Lord more
powerful than himself, who orders him to make this journey, day by day, without resting.” The new
saying of the Inca was regarded by the natives as “ of evil omen, as well as his freedom in gazing at
the Sun ” — (Acosta, and G. de la Vega ix, 10).
“ 1476 A. D.” (Alst, and Blair), in Switzerland, the invading Burgundians under Charles the
Bold defeated.
“ In this year” (Humb., and Major 2d edit. Columb. p. xxix), John Szkolny, a Polish pilot in
the service of Christian II. of Denmark, visiting Greenland. He is said to have seen a country
beyond. • n • Parnassia palustris of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain grass o f Parnassus (1 nor), m
Sweden “ slotter-blomster ” or “ harnacker” or “ flenort” or “ hwit-wisil ” or “ hiarteblad ” (Linn.),
and from early times employed medicinally, and sold in drug-shops under the name ot “ hepaticæ
albæ : ” — termed “ gramen parnassium” by Dodoens pempt. 564, “ p. palustris et vulgaris ’ by Tournefort
inst. 246, and known to grow from Lapland throughout middle Europe (C. Bauhin pin. 309, fl.
Dan. pl. 584, Engl. bot. pl. 84, and Pers.), and even in North Africa (Wats.) : was observed by Linnæus
in Sweden, abounding in moist meads ; by Sibthorp, on the Bithynian Olympus ; by Bieberstein,
on the subalpine portion of Caucasus; by Pailas, between the Yenisei and Lake Baical. Westward,
by Hooker in Iceland; by Drummond, at 54° near Fort Cumberland on the Saskatchewan; grows
according to A. Gray on the “ shore of Lake Superior, Upper Michigan, and northward ; ” according
to Hooker, in Labrador, Newfoundland, and throughout Canada to the Arctic Circle and Rocky mountains
; was observed by Chamisso from Escholtz Bay to Bering’s Straits (Schlecht.).
Dianthus armeria oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain maiden or
Deptford p in k (Prior), in Gothland “ sarons bloraster” (Linn.), and known from early times; —
termed “ armeria sylvestris altera” by Lobel pl. 44% “ viola barbata angustifolia” by Dalechamp
810, “ cariophyllus barbatus sylvestris” by C. Bauhin pin. 208, and Tournefort inst. 333, and known
to /ow in barren soil from Sweden throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 230, Engl, bot, pl. 317,
Pers.) : observed by Linnæus in Sweden, in cultivated as well as sterile soil as far as Scania ; by Sibthorp,
in Greece. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America; observed by myself m
the environs of Salem, Mass., and according to A. Gray occurs also in Pennsylvania.
Lepidium campestre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden “ konung
Salomons ljusstake” or by the Ostrogoths “ stillfro” (Linn.), and known from early times ;— termed
“ t. latifolium” by Fuchsius 306, “ t. arvense vaccariæ incano folio majus” by C. Bauhin pm. 106,
“ t. vulgatius” by Tournefort inst. 212, described also by Anguillara 171, and known to occur m cultivated
and fallow ground throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. v. pl. 45, and Pers.) : observed by
Hooker in Iceland ; by Linnæus in Sweden; by Sibthorp, around Constantinople; and by Bieberstein,
along the Taurian mountains. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it
occurs in “ fields, sparing from Massachusetts to Delaware” (A. Gray).
Geranium sanguineum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden “ orm-
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS.
gras ” (Linn.), and known from early times : —termed “ g. septimum hæmatodes ” by Clusius hist.
Ü. 202, “ g. s. máximo flore ” by C. Bauhin pin. 318, and Tourn. inst. 267, and known to grow throughout
middle Europe (fl. Dan. 1107, Engl. bot. pi. 272, and Pers.) : observed by Linnæu? in Sweden;
by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to mount Hæmus and Constantinople.
Orobus vernus of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden by the
Ostrogoths “ krakarter,” and from early times furnishing the “ orobi farina” of the drug-shops —
(Linn.) : termed “ o. sylvaticus vernus ” by Thalius here. pl. 6, “ o. pannonicus primus ” by Clusius
hist. ii. 230, “ o. s. purpureus vernus ” by C. Bauhin pin. 351, and Tournefort inst. 393, and known to
grow in woods throughout middle Europe (Pers.) : observed by Linnæus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp,
on mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus.
Orobus niger of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden “ wipp-arter”
(Linn.), and known from early times : — termed “ astragaloides ” by Dodoens pempt. 551, “ o. pannonicus
secunda ” by Clusius hist. ii. 230, “ o. sylvaticus viciæ foliis” by C. Bauhin pin. 352, and
Tournefort inst. 393, and known to grow throughout middle»Europe (Rivin. tetr. pl. 60, fl. Dan. pl.
1170, and Pers.) : observed by Linnæus in Sweden, its root sweet and the plant turning black in drying
; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to mount Hæmus and Constantinople.
Vicia sepium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden “ tranarter” (Linn.),
and known from early times : — mentioned by Fuchsius no, and Matthioli ; termed “ v. s. perennis ”
by Bauhin hist. ii. 313, “ v. s. folio rotundiore acuto semine nigro” by Tournefort inst. 397, and
known to occur in hedges throughout middle Europe (C. Bauhin pin. 345, Rivin. tetr. 56, fl. Dan. pl.
699, Engl. bot. pl. 1515, and Pers.) : observed by Linnæus in Sweden, iu hedges and shaded situations
; by Sibthorp, in woods on Cyprus.
Viola hirta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A vernal species called in Sweden
“ buske-fioler ” (Linn.), and known from early times: — termed “ viola” by Brunfels pl. 137, “ v.
martia major hirsuta inodora” by Morison ii. S- ph 35, and known to grow throughout middle Europe
(Ray hist. 1051, Curt. lond. i. pl. 64, fl. Dan. pl. 618, and Pers.) : observed by Linnæus in Sweden ;
by Sibthorp, 011 mount Athos.
Lithospermmn arvense of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden
“ hoorletta” or “ sminckrot” (Linn.), and its root from early times used by Northern maidens to paint
their faces; — termed “ anchusa arvensis minor facie milii solis” by Tabernæmontanus pl. 849, “ lithospermum
arvense radice rubra” by C. Bauhin pin. 258, “ echioides flore albo” by Rivinus mon. g;
was already in Britain in the Sixteenth century (Park, theatr. 433), but as in Italy, Sicily, and Algeria,
only in cultivated ground (Tourn, inst. 134, and A. Dec.) : was observed by Linnæus in rye
fields as far as Lapland ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, Fraas, Reut. and Margot, frequent in cultivated
ground in Greece, but no native name given ; by Grisebach, to all appearance wild in Thrace, as probably
in the Crimea and on the Talysch mountains (Bieb., Mey., and Hohen); was observed by
Thunberg in Japan. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, occurring according
to A. Gray on ‘ sandy banks and road-sides, New England to Pennsylvania and Michigan ; ” according
to Chapman in “ cultivated grounds and waste places, Florida, and northward.”
Cambanula glomerata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden “ mosis-
roser ” (Linn.), and known from early times : * — termed “ cervicaria minor ” by Dodoens pempt. 164,
* Linnoea borealis of Subarctic climates. Called in Sweden “ windgras ” or “ benwarksgras ” or
“ torrwarksgras ” or “ klagras ” or “ hwita klacker,” in Norway “ norrislegrass,” and from early times
used medicinally — (Linn.) : termed “ obolaria” by Siegesbect prim. 79, “ campanula serpyllifoHa” by
Bauhin hist. ii. 816, “ nummularia norwegica repens folio dentato floribus gemin s ” by Petiver mus.
787, and known to grow from Lapland throughout Northern Europe and Siberia as far as the Altaian
mountains (fl. Dan? pl. 3, Pers., Dec., and Wats.), also on the mountains of Switzerland (Scheuch,
alp. 131 to 454, Hall. helv. 608, Seguier veron. i. 1S2, and A. Dec.); was observed by Rudbeck,
Celsius, and Linnæus, in Lapland and Sweden ; is known to grow in Scotland (Dec.). and in Meck-
lembourg in Prussia (A. Dec.). Westward, according to Decandolle, grows in Newfoundland,
Canada, and as far as Unalaska; according to Hooker, from the Arctic Circle to the Columbia and
Kotzebue Sound ; according to Watson, on the Aleutian Islands; was observed by Mertens at Norfolk
Sound ; by Nuttall, along Lake Huron ; by Pursh, from Wiscasset in Maine to the mountains of
New York and Pennsylvania; by myself, from 45° to 42° along the Atlantic, but according to A.
Gray, grows in New Jersey and along the Alleghanies as far as Maryland,
Sparganium natans of Subarctic climates. Called in Smoland “ flotagræs,” and from early times
sought for by cattle and horses, and regarded as indicating the presence of fishes — (Linn.) : was
observed by Linnæus only in Smoland, Norland, and the woody portion of Lapland, growing outside
of other aquatic plants in water more than six feet deep ; by Hudson, in Britain (Steud) ; and is
to# # Y •{
«Y
■
7
X I
'I