ê
1
0 + ^ i '
ró'í ■ f l : .
**
0 « ‘ v ’ é . É
) • t
■J'i
«■«i : ' 1
•■ -.:li
te î|‘
-0is,
I
ft'l
; . "rojfi:'
i Y-Í '"'ï 'T :
6 4 6 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
As early perhaps as this date ( . . . . ) , Geber writing on Chemistry, mentioning among other
prejiarations corrosive sublÙ7iate— (Pouchet).
Salsola sativa of the seasliore of Southern Spain. Carbonate of soda, effloresced on the soil of
Northwestern Hindustan and procured besides from ashes of Salsolaceous plants, is called in Sanscrit
“ sajika,” in Hindee “ sajji muttee ” or “ sajji lo o n ;” in which we recognize the “ sagimen vitr! ” of
Geber, — so named from its use in glass-making (Royle ant. hind. 41), the barilla in question being
possibly manufactured in the Mediterranean countries : S. sativa, annual and herbaceous, was observed
by Lofling trav. 132, and Cavanilles iii. pl. 291, in Spain, and is enumerated by Guibourt among the
four species yielding the be.st barilla or soda of commerce, containing twenty-five to forty per cent of
Carbonate of soda (Lindl.). The plant from transported specimens is described by Linnæns.
Salsola soda of the shores of the Mediterranean as far as the Crimea. Annual and herbaceous ■
. — enumerated by Guibourt among the four species furnishing the best soda of commerce. S. soda is
known to grow on the seashore of Southern Europe (Linn., and Jacq. hort. pl. 68) ; was observed by
Forskal near Marseilles; by Desfontaines i. 216, in Barbary; by Bory, in the Peloponnesus; by
Forskal, near Smyrna; and is known to grow on the “ salt-plains ” of the Crimea (Lindl.).
Salsola tragus of the shores of the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas. Annual and herbaceous,
with spinescent leaves : — enumerated by Guibourt among the four species furnishing the best
soda of commerce. Described by Matthioli p. 731, and Lobel pl. 797 ; termed “ kali spinosum foliis
longioribus et angustioribus” by Tournefort inst. 247 ; and known to grow on the seashore of Southern
Europe (Linn., and P ers.). Eastward, observed by Sibthorp frequent in the maritime sands of
the Greek, islands; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt; and known to grow 011 the
shores of the Black Sea and Caspian (Pall. ii. pl. 29, and Lindl.).
Salsola k a lio i the shores of the North Atlantic and Mediterranean, as far as the Caspian and
salines of Selenga. Annual with rigid spinescent leaves enumerated by Guibourt as the fourth
species furnishing the best soda of commerce (L in d l). S. kali is called in Britain frickly glasswort
(Prior) ; is described by Morison v. pl. 33 ; is termed “ kali spinosum foliis crassioribus et brevioribus ”
by Tournefort inst. 247 ; is known to grow on the sandy portions of the seashore from Sweden to the
Mediterranean (fl. Dan. pl. 313, and Wats.) ; and was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary. Eastward,
observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, frequent on the seashore of Greece and Asia Minor: by
Forskal, and Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; by Bieberstein, on salines around Taurus
and Caucasus ; and by Pallas, along the Volga, the Ca.spian, and as far as the salines of Selenga.
Westward from Europe, known to grow along the Atlantic shore of North America from Lat. 4 3 “to
31° in Florida (Pursh, Walt., Ell,, Baldw., and myself).
As early probably as this year, by Abulkasim of Baikh and Hasan ben Musa of Naubakht, accounts
oGfi ltdheem H.)i.ndu sects and ordinances, and of the tortures self-imposed by devotees (extract Masudi edit.
“ 903 A. D .” (Pauth. 331), decree of the emperor Tchao-tsoung depriving the eunuchs of official
position ; foiiowed by a general massacre of them throughout China.
“ 904 A. D. = 1st year of the ‘ thian-yeou ’ of Tch'ao-tsoung ” (Chinese chron. table), beginning
of the Sixtieth cycle.
khali“f TMhoek tsaafmi, e year” (Marcel), Egypt recovered fromt he descendants of Tooloon,’ byy the armyy of
Corchorus olitorius of the Southern border of the Sahara. Called in Yemen asd Egypt “ melo-
chia ” or “ meloukhyeh,” in which we recognize the “ meloukhia ” of the Blacks seen in E g/p t by Ishak
Israeli, and identified by him with the “ schouschandibé ” of Irak — (Abd-allat, i. 2), mentioned also
in the treatise Elruclschlat, and by Ebn Baitar: C. olitorius is enumerated by Alpinus, Forskal, and
Ciot-Bey, as a favourite esculent in Egypt ; was observed by Forskal in Yemen both wild and cultivated;
and is known to be cultivated by the Negro tribes of W est Africa (J. D. Hook, and Benth. fl.
nigr.). Eastward from Arabia and Persia, is called in Sanscrit-“ putta,” in Bengalee “ p u t” (Royle
fibr. plant.); was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, Wight, and by Graham “ common in Bombay,
springing up in gardens and cultivated ground ; ” is described by Royle as a potherb, and one of the
species yieldingyVz/« fibre; and by Mason v. p. 521, as manufactured by the Bengalees into “ coarse
paper,” occurring also as a weed throughout Burmah “ though not very abundant.” As transported
to European gardens, is termed by old writers “ olus judaicum” (Royle) equivalent to the Englisli
Jew 's m allow ; and is described by Commelyn hort. pl. 12, and Plukenet v. pi. 127. By European
colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it occurs only in the cultivated state (Boj.) ; and
to the W est Indies (Macfad., and A. D ec.).
“ The same year” (Blair), Italy ravaged by the Hungarians.
“ 905 A. D. = 2d year of the ‘ thian-yeou,’ accession of Tchao-hiouan-ti ” or Tchao-siouan-ti, of
the Thang or Fifteenth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth, p. 331).
“ In this year” (ann. Jap., and Klapr.), the Ko-kin, a Japanese poem, composed : — followed by
OF A C COM PANYING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 647
the Go-sen in 950, Sif-i in 986, Go-sif-i in 1086, Kin-yo in 1128, Zi-kwa in 1144, Zin-zai in 1187, Smkin
in 1438 ; in all “ twenty-one” collections.
“ The same year” (Alst.), at Rome, Joannes X. succeeded by Benedictus IV., fifty-second archbisho“
pT. he same year” (A lst), end of the chronicle of Rhegino Abbas.
Aspidium {Cibotium') baromez of the country between Caucasus and the Volga. A fern from its
mode of growth called lamb-plant or Tartar lavib ; and in the annals of the Thang dynasty “ vegetative
lambs ” are mentioned as growing in the country formerly called Tatlisin but in later days Fulin —
(“ polin” or Constantinople, Yule i. p. Ivii) : The Tartar lamb is also mentioned by Odoric 43, and
J. C. Scaliger exot. 1537 f. 248; and is identified with C. baromez in the English cycl. nat. hist.
“ 907 A. D. = ‘kai-ping,’ ist year of Tai-tsou ” or Tchou-san, head of the new dynasty of the
“ later Liang” (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). The beginning of the Ou-tai or Five short
dyna“stTiehse. same year” (Alst.), at Rome, Benedictus IV. succeeded by Leo V., fifty-third, arc,h ,b •i sh, op.
“ 908 A. D .” (A lst.), at Rome', Leo V. succeeded by Christophorus ; and before the close of the
year, by Sergius III., fifty-fifth archbishop.
“ The same year” (art de verif ), Moktafi succeèded by Moktader, eighteenth Abbassid khalif. A
coin issued by Moktader, is figured in Marcel p. 90.
“ 910 A. D .” (Alst., and N icol.), at Rome, Sergius III. succeeded by Anastasius III., fifty-sixth
archbishop.
“ 911 A. D, = 1st year ofthe ‘kian-hoa’ of Tai-tsou ” — (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year” (A lst.), Leo V I. succeeded by his son Constantinus V III. or Alexander Constantinus,
thirty-sixth Byzantine emperor.
Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Sucra reigning m
Hindustan.
“ 912 A. D .” (A lst, and N icol.), at Rome, Anastasius III. succeeded by Lando; and before the
close of the year, by Joannes XL, fifty-eighth archbishop.
“ 913 A. D. = ‘kian-hoa,’ ist year of Tchou-tching, of the later Liang” or Sixteenth dynasty —
(Chinese chron. table).
About this time ( “ 900 to 925,” Gildem. p. 76), Isthakhri writing his geographical work. He
mentions Moultan (situated near the confluence of the five branches of the Indus) and an idol there
venerated by the Hindus and receiving costly gifts from pilgrims (suffered to remain, notwithstanding
that the city had been long held by Muslims). He describes the “ Rous ” or Russians as burning
their dead, and having a rule not to shave one another’s beards.
Abutilón Indicum of Tropical Africa and Arabia. Called in Yemen “ ren,” and the crude
flowers eaten (Forsk. p. xciii) : a flower in Persia, eaten green like leaves of “ chukender” beet, is
mentioned by Isthakhri : — A. Indicum was observed by Forskal p. 124 in moist places in Tropical
Arabia; and is known to occur in Tropical Africa as far as the Atlantic (Benth. fl. Nigr., and A.
places - .
for “ marsh-mallow as an emollient.” Farther East, is enumerated by Mason v. p. 503 as called in
Burmah “ tha-ma-kliyoke,” cultivated by the natives, and “ considered all over India a very good substitute
for marsh-mallows : ” was observed by Blanco on the Philippines, used by the natives medicinally,
and called in Tagalo “ cuacuacohan ” or “ guilig-guiligan,” in Bisaya “ malis ” or “ palis ” or
“ tabing ” or “ dalupang.” As transported to Europe, is termed “ abutilón ” by Camerarius hort. pl. i
(Linn., and Spreng.). Pancratium Illyricum of Southern Persia. Called in Egypt “ susann,” in which we recognize the
“ siiseii nergus” lily-narcissus growing in the territory around Shiraz, according to Isthakhri: — P.
Illyricum was observed by Forskal in gardens at Alexandria, the flower in whiteness surpassing the
lily and all artificial dyes.
“ 915 A. D. = ‘ tdiing-ming,’ ist year of Tching, of the later L iang” or Sixteenth dynasty —
(Chinese chron. table).
“ In or about this year ” (Gildem. p. 73), China visited by Abu Yazid Muhammed ben Yazid of
Siraf. — Masudi obtained information from him at Basra.
As early at least as this date (Colebrooke as. res. viii. p. 467), Suca expounding the V edas.—
He is described in the Saneara vijeya as the instructor of Gaudapada.
920 A. D. = “ 845 an. jav.” (Raffles ix. and x.), date of an inscription in the Kawi or ancient
r
■P'r
' i
I