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date m G r f B (Hesiod op. 41), mentioned also in the Batrachomyomachia 161, and identified with
the “ mololie by Athenaeus 11. 52 ; the “ raolohes ” root is mentioned by Antiphanes (Athen ) ■ M
sylvestris was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in low ground and waste places frequent
from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands, its leaves eaten (Walpole trav.
P 0 4 5 ) ; by Delile, wild near Ale.xandria, and is enumerated by Clot-Bey among the esculent plants
0 Egypt. Westward, the “ malva” is enumerated among esculents by Cicero, and Horace; by
Pliny X X . 84 as eaten and called “ malachen” by the G reeks; and the “ moloche ” is mentioned
by Columella x. 247: M. sylvestris is termed “ m. vulgaris flore majore folio sinuato ” by Tournefort
mst. 95; IS de^ribed by Persoon as erect; was observed by Forskal on Malta and on the hills
around Marseilles ; and is known to occur in waste places and fallow ground throughout middle
• urope a.s far as Britain (Cav. ii. pl. 26, and Curt. lond. ii. p l 51). By European colonists, was earned
to Northeast America, where it was observed by A. Gray along “ way-sides ” in our Northern
States. The plant according to Lindley is “ mucilaginous and emollient.” (See M. rotundifolla.)
Asphodetus rainosHs of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ asfodillo” (Lenz), in
G r e e« “ karayouki ” or “ spciurthakula ” or “ asphothéló” (Sibth.), in which we recognize the
asphothélos eaten by the Greeks as early as this date, — and in after times held sacred, planted
on tombs and before gates of cities (Plin. xxi. 68, and Eustath.); mentioned as esculent by Hesiod
op. 40, Theophrastus vii. 12, and the favourite diet of Pythagoras (Porphyr.) ; mentioned as orowinv
wild by Homer od. xi. 538 to 573 ; and the “ léukón asphothélón,” by Cratevas : A. ramosus was
observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding in open situations from the Peloponnesus
throughout Greece and the Greek islands, extensive tracts coloured with its flowers. Westward, its
stem called “ anthénkos ’’ was according to Hellanicus employed by the Numidians for building huts,
a practice alluded to by Diodorus xx. 57, the time of gathering is defined by Mago, and the “ antliS-
, rix ys also mentioned by Theocritus i. 52: the “ asphothélos ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the
‘«Ivoukioum ” of the Romans, but according to Pliny xxi. 68 the “ albucum ” of Italy is the stem :
A. ramosus is termed “ a. albus ramosus mas ” by Tournefort inst. 343 ; was observed by Lenz here
and there m Italy, and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pe rs.).
1608 B. C. (tomb of officer Aahines, and Birch), after a siege of “ six years,” Sharuhana in Palestine
captured by king Aahmes. — The city of Sharuhen is mentioned in Joshua xix, 6.
1605 B. C. = “ IS years before the reign of Phoroneus ” (Antidid., in Plin. vii. 56), letters or
alphabetic w i l l i n g invented by Memnon or Menon, an Egyptian. The Phoenician alphabet is clearly
not older than the domestication of the camelj this animal being substituted for the Cynocephalus or
baboon for the third letter.
_ The tomb of Aahotep mother of king Amosis (discovered by Mariette 91) was found to contain
; a breastplate ornamented with precious stones, red cornelian, turquoise, and lapis-lazuli (the
atter 0 course brought Irom Media) : — “ antique Egyptian jewelry set alternately with bits of iapis
lazuh was known to C. W. King ant. gem, who further refers here the “ sapphirus ” of Pliny from
Its coming “ from Med ia: ” according to Marco Polo 47, “ balasci ” and “ pieres duquelz I’en fait le
azur ” come from Balascia :
Also a diadem of gold, ornamented with two diminutive sphinxes: a poignard havino- the blade
of bronze, and handle of s ilv e r : ^
And three bees carved in gold. The honey-bee. Apis mellifica, is enumerated as a hieroo-Jyphic
character — by Horapollo 59; is figured in a tomb above Girgeh of the time of Mienptah (observed
by niyself), is mentioned in the history of Samson (Judg. xiv. 8), also in Proverbs xxiv. 13, Psalm
cxviii. 12, and by Hesiod, Homer il. ii. 87, and subsequent Greek and Latin writers. Eastward is
rnemioned in the Sama Veda (transl. Stev.), the Institutes of Manu (transl. Deslongch.), and the
Mahavansi of the Ceylon Budhists. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America
where it continues kept in hives and has become naturalized ; and in “ 1869,” the first swarm of bees
with « ‘ store of wild honey” were found in a tree “ on the west side of the Sierra Nevada mountains,”
there “ were no wild b e e s ” in the country beyond the Sierra when first occupied by emigrants
from the Atlantic States, by whom however bees were soon imported (B. Transcript, Apr. 14th, 1S69).
Eighty-first generation. Jan. ist, 1600, mostly beyond y o u th ; Bethuel (Gen. xxiv. 24 and
xxviii. 5), Zibeon (Gen. xxxvi. 24 and i Chron. i. 38).
Ficus sycomorus of Abyssinia and the mountains of Yemen. The sycamore is called in Yemen
“ so kam” or ‘ -o b r e ” or “ chañas,” in Egypt “ djummeiz” (Forsk.), and mummy-cases under the
Seventeenth dynasty are usually of its wood— (B irch ) : a tank with trees planted around, apparently
of this species, is figured in the beginning of the Eighteenth dynasty ; also the mystical sacred tree
(Leps. d. 111. pl. 37 and 40), shown by later and more highly finished representations to be the sycamore:
the “ sukaminos ” is mentioned by Theophrastus iv. 2 as not growing North of E r o p t ; the
“ djummeiz,” by Temimi, and Abd-allatif; and F. .sycomorus -was observed by Forskal, and ^Delile in
Egypt, by myself, planted on the river-flat throughout. Farther South, by Lepsius ’eg. and sin.’ p.
128 to 170, among the trees clothing the banks of the Nile beyond Lat. 14° 3° ' and
Bruce, and Salt, abounding on the Taranta mountains in Abyssinia; and the “ sukaminon aiguption
is enumerated by Artemidorus, among other trees growing South of the entrance to the^ Red Sea
(Strab. xvi. 4. 14). Eastward, F. sycomorus was observed by Forskal wild on the mountains of Y e men
: and dried sycamore figs “ from the Persian G u lf” were once shown me.
The name of king Aahmas occurs in the alabaster quarries at El Bosra, opposite Suit (Leps. g.
7 9 3 ^ B " c . ' ! F “ 22d year of Aahmas,” in the quarries at Massara, the date of opening these
quarries, to repair temples at Memphis. , , , ,> r fi,„
^ - - .592 i C. ( = 1417 + “ 37 + 31 + 9 + 26 + ^3 + f 0 + ‘3 years ’ of foe
I Afr.-Maneth. table = “ 38 + 31 + 9 + 26 + 12 - f 21 -j- 13 + 25 y e^ s of the Euseb.
Maneth. table), accession of the second king of the Seventeenth dynasty. The
name of king Amunhotep is next on the monuments; both contemporaneous, and
W. T S F in the tablet at Abydos, and the series of kings at Gurna.
Amunhotep built a portion of the temple at Karnak (De Rougd) ; and (according to Champollion
Firoac) foreign wars are recorded on some of his constructions : , a 11 4 ;; t
I too B. C. ( = 1640 — “ 50 y e a r s ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129 to 131, see also Apollod. 11. I,
and Pausan. ii. 5 to 8), Inachus succeeded by Phoroneus, second king in the Peloponnesus. He
collected the scattered inhabitants into a town, named after him Phoromkon ( P a u q / ¡nto a
His brother Aegialeus collected the inhabitants of a neighboring district on the Isthmus . too a
town, named after him Aegialea, and became foe first king of Sicyon (Apollod. 11. i. i, and Pans.
^ The Arcadians living on the leaves ot trees and roots of herbs before - the time of Pelasgus, ack
o n ” (Sibth.); and perhaps included among the roots of herbs eaten by the A rc« tan s . - the
“ kihoriS agrib,” edible according to Theophrastus ix. 12. 4, may also be compar« : N tube.osa 0 n t
by Busbecke from Constantinople, is termed “ cichorium constant.nqrol.tanum by the
pl 388- was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in meads more or less samly from foe
Peloooimesus to Cyprus. Westward, is described by Lobel pl. 232; is termed “ dens leoms aspho-
deli bulbillis ” by Tournefort inst. 468 ; is known to grow in Italy and Southern France (Pers.), and
was observed by Brotero as far as Portugal (Spreng., and S t e « .) . ^ . . . „ p.nnAtae in
I iSg B. C. ( = 1587 y. 239II cl. - f “ 100 — 99 years ” of Gen. xvn. i and xxi. 5), the Promise
Abraham. Establishment of the rite of circumcision. And destruction of the two citie.s of So om
2 “ ng to the Septuagint and English Versions “ vouturon” or butler is
xviii. 8. — The art of making butter (according to Oppian cyneg. iv. 271) was brought from the
Issedones or other Northern nations by Aristaeas ; according to the Hippocratic writer morb. iv p.
357, was derived from foe Scythians, and their process of making foitter from mare s milk is d,^
forctly described: butter used among the mountaineers of Portugal is mentioned by Staato n. p
414 ; butter from sheep’s or goat’s milk is prescribed by Dioscorides ; and from cow s milk, by Galen
fac. 0 0 g s am / y / r (=i I5s l + “ 32 y e a r s ” of Euseb. i and ii. = 1609 — Cephalion’s 20 years limit)
is ffiven for the accession of Altadas as Assyrian emperor: but suspicion here arises of conforimty
to 1 chronological landmark ; as he is called “ Sethos ” by Syncellus, with “ fifty years assigned
' " " “ Towards foe close of the Treta Y u g ” or Silver Age (Puranas, Graha Munjari tables, and
Bentley'as. res. viii. p. 231), Bharadwaja reigning in Hindustan.
1588 B. C. ( = 1587 y. 239f t d- = J240 + “ 430 y e a r s ” of Ex. xii. 40, compare also .413 +
“ 175 years ” of Gen. xxv. 7), Isaac born to Abraham and Sarai.
“ H « r 6 n ” is placed in this year by Manetho ( = I 5 0 y- 'o mo - f 0 > 0 0 w 7 d b feV e l
iq) • the “ thirteen years ” of H6vr6n or H « r6 s occur also in the Maneth. tables but at diff^ent
date’s, and there is no such king on the Egyptian monuments. Manetho seems therefore to have
been acquainted with this date in Jewish history. ii„a -Rnmmh “ tha nat ”
Cordiamyxa of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. A large tree ^ ’’ H fod )
(Mason), in Hindustanee “ lusora” or “ lesoora,” in Telinga ‘ nekra, in B “ mol h i
n the environs of Bombay “ bhokur” (Graham), in Tamil “ vidi-marum’ (Drui.), n E g jp t mokha
e l ’ (De .)7 ! Yemen “ olneb ” or “ gharaf ” or “ sehmli ” or “ eschell ” (Forsk0 , m whmh we recognize
the “ a lh l ” planted by Abraham at B e e r - sh e b a - (Gen. xxi. 3 3 ) , that under 0 iich Saul abode
/ G ib e a h and j fo i r a under which he was buried in Jabesh ( i Sam. xxn. 6, and ■ Chron. x. 12):
l u t i y i l s e s are said to be made fo some instances of wood of C. m y x a ; the “ mokhaita” is menli.
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