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2 6 8 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
nameof the c/umpanzee or small African orang. Troglodytes niger,- i s referred here hy Hugius
(C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. 13). The skins brought back to Carthage, were kept m the temple of
Tuno ” until the capture and destruction of the city (Plin. vi. 36). , , •
The name “ gorillas ” may therefore afford evidence of the Mandinga language being already in
existence. .
“ 46g B C ” (Clint.), at Athens, Pericles first taking part in public attairs.
“ 468 B. C. = is t year of Tching-ting-wang, of the T ch eo u ” or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron.
About this time, “ 548-432 B. C .” (Scylacean peripl, Theophrast., Hygin , Plin., C. Mull geogr. ^
min. i. p. 69 and Sm. b. d.), the constellation Hoedi or kids, defined among the stars by Cleostratus
o / e °h 1ndred and fifteenth generation. May ist, 467, mostly beyond youth ; the Greek poets,
Bacchylides, Panyasis, and Epilycus; the comic poets, Ecphantides, Peisander ; the tragm poets,
Aristarchus, Ion of Chios, Achaeus, Neophron, Cleomachus, and Aristeas ; the philosophers, Diagoras
of Melos, Archelaus, Melissus, and Hermotinus ; the historians, Pherecydes of Athens, Damastes ot
Sigeura, and Xenomedes of Chios. _ . , • ■ \
R a n u n c u l u s f l a m m u l a oiEnvoge and Northern Asia. Called in Britain spearwort (Ainsw.),
in Sweden sometimes “ æ!tegi-æs” (Linn.), and the £ APISSA herb growing according to Archelaus
aloiro a river of Aetolia, its root like a spear, good for short-sightedness — (Stob. 9 0 01 according
to Aristotle mirab. 171 along the river Lycorna, resembling a “ lôghë ” lance-lmad and good for
short-sightedness, may be compared; fragments of R. flammula occur in debris * e ancient lare-
villages of Switzerland; the plant is termed “ r. longifolius palustris minor” by C. Bauhin pm. 180,
and Tournefort inst, 292 ; was observed by Linnæus in the wooded country as far as Lapland , by
Curtis vi. p l 37, in Britain ; by Brotero, in Portugal ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus ;
and is known to grow throughout Siberia (A. Dec.). Its leaves according to Lindley are vesicant,
and the distilled water is “ said by Withering to be an emetic.” ,
“ 465 B. C .” (Clint.), Xerxes succeeded by Artabanus, fifth Persian emperor. Who reigned
“ seven months” (according to Manetho); his name has not been found on the Egyptian
monumeMs^^^^ ,-Eiiseb., and Clint, ii. p. 43), fall of a meteoric stone at Aegospotamos on the
Hellespont. Recorded by Diogenes of Apollonia : and the opinion maintained by Anaxagorro and
others. That the stone “ came from the su n ” — (Plin. ii. 58, D. Laert., and Theodoret. tierap.
^ T h l t a l l animals respire, including fishes and mollusks, maintained by Diogenes and Anaxagoras ;
both of whom attempted to explain the respiration of fishes by a portion of air in the mouth (Aristot.
resDir 2). — Modern d is co v e r ie s h a v e shown, the necessity of the water being aerated.
“ 464B C ” (Astronom. can., and Clint, ii. p. 380), Artabanus s u c c e e d e d by Artaxerxes, sixth
Persian emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Artahesses occur on rocks on the Kosser road ; at this
time therefore, a route of commercial intercourse with the Red Sea — (Glid. analect.). ^ ^
“ The same y e a r ” (Thucyd., and Clint.), revolt of the Helots against, the Spartans ; and beginning
o f the T h i r d Me s s en ia n war. — The war continued “ ten ” years. ^ „
“ 460 B. C.” (Thucyd., and Clint.), revolt against the Persians of the Egyptians led by Inarus ;
and aid extended to the insurgents by the Athenians. — The war continued “ six ” years.
A Greek inscription of this date ( = “ 01. 80. i , ” Franz) containing the following form of the
'° "^ 4 5^ B . C. = “ 7th year of Artaxerxes ” (Ezr. vii. 6 to 9), a body of Israelites under Ezra, permitted
by the'Persian emperor to leave Babylon for Jerusalem. ^
Myrica sapida of the Himalayan mountains. A tree long celebrated by Sanscrit writers, and its
exported bark called in Hindustanee “ kaephul ” (Drur.), in Arabic “ dar-shisan Bojfe ) ; in r t i c h
we recoo-nize the “ dar-shisan” identified through Avicenna, and Serapion, with the ASTAAAOOS
enumerated among spices and perfumes iu the Apocryphal book of Sirach xxiv. 15, - referred here
coniecturally by Royle (Kitt. b ib l cycl.) ; “ aspalathôs” according to Manetho forrned one of the
ingredients of the “ kuphi ” incense (Plut. is. and o.sir. 80); seems mentioned by rheophrastus ix. 7. 3
to"od. ta only as a perfume : a tree “ aspalathum ” growing in the East, is mentioned by Plmy xu. 52
to xxiv 68- the “ dar-shisan,” by Maserjawia, Ebn Wahshaneh, Edrisi, Ebn Baitar ; and two kinds
are'distin J is h e d by Persian medical writers (Ulfaz-i-Udwieh 157 to 884 transl. Gladw.) Bark of
M sapid^ was found by Royle exported in quantities from Nepal into the lower country, and esteemed
a “ valuable stimulant medecine.” (See Spartium villosum, and Genista hórrida)
“ The same y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), L. Minucius Esquilinus Augunnus and C. Nautius Rutilus
consuls, the Roman army hemmed in by the Aequians and Sabines said to have been liberated by the
dictator Cincinnatus.
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
“ 457 B. C.” (Thucyd., and Clint.), the “ Long walls,” extending from the harbour to the city of
Athens, commenced.— In the following year, they were completed.
About this time ( . . . ) , 3.geological observation by Xanthus of Lydia. Who, finding salt-lakes
in Armenia, Mattiena, and Phrygia, and “ stones having the form, of shells,” concluded that the whole
territory “ had once been sea.”
“ 456 B. C.” (Jahn biblic. archaeol), Anaxagoras, a disciple of Hermotinus, visiting Athens.
Contrary to the opinion then prevalent, that matter has always existed, Anaxagoras maintained. That
matter and the universe had been created by a god : or (according to Plato phaed. 104), “ That it is
intelligence that sets in order and is the cause of all things.” He also thought that the moon is
inhabited, and contains hills and valleys (D. Laert. ii. 8), and were its revolving force to cease, would
fall to the Earth like a stone from a sling (Humb. cosm. ii,).
“ In this y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), the revolted Egyptians under Inarus defeated by the Persian general
Megabyzus. — Herodotus iii. 12 in visiting Egypt, found the battle-field covered with bones and skulls
of the slain.
As early probably as this date (Herodot. ii. 32), Etearchus king of the Oasis of Ammon visited
by Nasamonians, who stated that some of their young men had crossed the Great Desert, and were
carried by dwarfish people whose language they did not understand (Hottentot Race) to a city on the
banks of a great river, containing crocodiles and flowing from West to E a s t ; supposed by Etearchus
to be the Nile ; — Herodotus ii. 29 further speaks of a great navigable lake “ 40 + 12 ” days sail
with the current beyond Meroe.
Soymida sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A large Meliaceous tree called “ m’bawa ” (Grant) ;
and probably furnishing some of the canoes on the Lake and rivers : — observed by Grant in “ 3° N .”
on the Nile, and immense canoes made by the Wahiyow from its trunk.
A^ov. gen. near Copaifera of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree fifty feet high called “ miombo ”
(Grant); and possibly furnishing some of the canoes in question : —• observed by Grant from “ 5° 30' to
2“ 30' S., alt, 4148 feet,” its bark made into boats roofing grain-bins and doth, and its wood into
rafters.
Sterculia tomentosa of Equatorial Africa. A tree called “ m’loolooina ” (Grant); and probably in
some instances furnishing the required cordage ; — observed by Guillemin and Perrotett in Senegambia ;
by Grant, in 3° N. on the Nile, the seeds eaten in dearths, and cordage made from the bark of
young trees.
Hibiscus {Abelmoschus) heteroirichus of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Probably in some instances
furnishing the required cordage : — received from Africa by E. Meyer ; observed by Grant “ among
vegetation 2° N.” on the Nile, and cordage made from its bark ; by Bojer, on Zanzibar and the mainland
opposite, and on the Comoro Islands. By Bojer, carried to the Mauritius Islands.
Chrysophyllum sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree, probably in some instances furnishing
the required cordage ; — observed by Grant frequent at “ 3° 15' N.” on the Nile, growing like a huge
bush on the face of rocky hills,.and ropes made from its inner bark.
Ficus sp .o t Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree called “ m’chaerm ” (Grant); and possibly in
some instances furnishing the required cordage ; — observed by Grant from “ 6° S. to 3° 15' N .” on
the Nile, its bark used for bark-cloth and ropes, and birdlime gathered from its trunk.
Sanseviera sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Possibly furnishing a portion of the required
c o rd a g e ;— observed by Grant in Uganda on the Upper Nile, its long leaves yielding beautiful
white ropery.
Asphodelusfistulosus of the more Southern Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt “ burak ”
(Forsk.) ; and the “ aiitlferikdn ” interwoven with “ shoinous” by the Nasamonians to make portable
huts — (Herodot. iv. igo), may be compared (“ anthSrikon ” according to Dioscorides and Pliny
being the stem of “ asphothilos ” ); the “ barwak” is mentioned by Ebn Baitar: A. fistulosus was
observed by Forskal as far as Cairo growing in the D e s e r t; by Sibthorp, and Borj», on the Greek
islands and the Peloponnesus. Westward, is termed “ a, foliis fistulosis ” by Tournefort inst. 344;
and is known to grow in Southern France and Spain (Moris, iv. pl. i, Cav. iii pl. 202, and Pers.).
“ 455 B. C.” (Thucyd., and Clint.), Ithome the acropolis of Messene surrendered to the Spartans
; terminating the Third Messenian war.
“ The same y e a r ” (Thucyd., and Clint.), in Egypt, capitulation of the Athenian army, deserted
by their insurgent allies ; and possession of the country, “ the marshes under Amyrteus ” excepted,
recovered by the Persians.
“ The same y e a r ” (Aristot., and Clint.), logic invented by Zeno of E le a ; and rhetoric, by
Empedocles. That fire can be kindled by rays of the sun passing through a glass goblet filled with
water, also mentioned by Empedocles — (Clem, strom. vi. 17).
The KAESIYAPA or water-clock mentioned by Empedocles (Aristot. respir.), — Aristophanes
acharn. 693, Eubulus, and Aristotle poet. 7. (See Scipio Nasica).
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