iiijj i
il •
ten d in g to G re ec e, B a rb a ry , an d S o u th e rn F r an c e , B o r y
an d Pe r s .
D rom u s rttbczis, I>.; A le x a n d r ia , F o r s k . an d D e l. E x t e n d in
g to C re te an d th e P e lo p o n n e su s , S ib th . an d B o ry .
-------------- p u rp t ira s c e iis , D e l . ; A le x a n d r ia , D e l.
----------------M a d r ite n s is , L . ; R o s e tta , D e l. E x te n d in g to
S p a in an d E n g lan d , P e r s .
--------------d isiachyos, L . ; A le x a n d r ia , F o r s k . and D e l. E x ten
d in g to C o n s tan t in o p le , th e P e lo p o n n e su s , and oth e r
p a i'ts o f S o u th e rn E u ro p e , S ib th . and Pe r s .
S t ip a j i in c e a , L . ; A le x a n d r ia , D e l. E x te n d in g to C re te ,
L y c ia , B a rb a ry , and mid d le E u ro p e , S ib th . an d Pers .
--------------p a lea cea , W i l l d . ; u p lan d at A le x a n d r ia and C a iro ,
D e l. E x te n d in g to C re te , th e P e lo p o n n e su s , an d Ba rb a ry,
S ib th . an d P er s .
A v c n a p u n i i la , D e s f . ; u p lan d a t C a iro , D e l. E x te n d in g
to Ba i'b ary, P er s .
-------------- a r u n d in a c e a , D e l . ; u plan d a t R o s e tta , D e l.
T r is e ta r ia Im ea r is , F o r s k ; A le x an d r ia , F o r s k . ; san d hills
a t A le x an d r ia , R o s e tta , and in the D e lta , D e l. E x te n d in g
to S y r ia , L a b ill. an d D e l.
L a g u r u s ovatxis, L . ; A le x a n d r ia , F o r s k . ; on th e upland
th ere, D e l. E x te n d in g to G re e c e , an d o th er p o r tion s o f
Sou th e rn E u ro p e , S ib th . an d P e r s .
--------------A eg y p tia ca , D e s f . ; D e l.
P h r a gm ite s Jiiaxima, A ru n d o o f F o r s k . ; C a iro , a n d G h o b ei-
be b ey on d S u e z , F o r s k . p . 2 4 ; is lan ds in th e N ile , D e l.
“ D if fe r in g from A . p h r a gm ite s ,” B o ry an d Ch au b .
Ca lam a g ro s tis v u lg a r is , A ru n d o o f L . ; G h o b e ib e beyon d
S u e z , F o r s k . E x te n d in g to Sm y rn a , E n g la n d , an d D e n ma
rk , S ib th . an d P e r s .
A v im o p h ila a r e n a r ia , A ru n d o o f L . ; A le x an d r ia , D e l. E x ten
d in g in mar itim e san d to G re ec e, and th e A t la n t ic shore s
o f E u ro p e an d N o r th Am e r ica , S ib th ., P e r s ., an d others.
A r i s t id a p lum o sa , L . ; A le x a n d r ia , an d on th e u p lan d at
C a iro , F o r s k . ; R o s e tta , D e l. E x te n d in g to A rm en ia and
T u n is , P e r s .
RottboUia in c um a ia , L . ; A le x an d r ia , D e l. E x te n d in g in
ma ritime sand to C jq iru s , Z a c yn th u s , an d th e A t la n t ic
shores o f E i ifo p e as fa r as D enm a rk , S ib th . an d Pe r s .
--------------p ilifo rm is , Ro th ..; A le x a n d r ia an d R o s e t ta , D e l.
E x te n d in g to S ou th e rn E u ro p e , P e r s .
--------------fa s c ic iila ta , D e s f . ; R o se tta , D e l . E x te n d in g to
B a rb a ry , P e r s .
A eg y lo p s ir ia r is ta ta , W illd . ; u p lan d a t A le x a n d r ia , D e l.
E x te n d in g to G reece, p erh ap s a v a r. o f A e . o v a ta , B o r y &
C h a u b . A e . o v a ta g row in g a t th e D a rd an e lle s , on the
G re e k is lan ds , in oth er p a rts o f S o u th e rn E u ro p e , an d in
B a rb a ry , F o r s k ., S ib th ., an d P e r s .
E ly n iu s g c n ic td a iu s , D e l . ; in fields o f b a r le y a t A le x an d r ia ,
D e l.
Hord eu zn v ia r itiin um , V a h l. ; C a iro , D e l. E x te n d in g in
ma ritime s itu a tion s to th e G re e k is lands, an d th e A t la n t ic
shores o f E u ro p e as fa r as D enm a rk , S ib th . and P e r s .
T r itic um bicorne, F o r s k .; A le x a n d r ia , F o r s k . ; on th e u p lan
d there, D e l.
--------------- lolia ceum , Sm . ; A le x a n d r ia , D e l . E x te n d in g in
maritime situ ations to E n g lan d , Pers .
--------------- ju n c c u v i , L . ; A le x a n d r ia , D e l. E x te n d in g in
ma ritime s itu a tion s to Sm y rn a , C o n s tan t in o p le , the G re ek
is lands, M o ro c co , an d th e A t la n t ic sh o re s o f E u r o p e as
fa r as B r ita in , F o r s k ., S ib th ., an d P e r s .
S o rg h um H a lcp cu s e , H o lcu s o f L . ; C a iro , an d in N u b ia ,
D e l. E x te n d in g to S y r ia , Sm y rn a , T en e d o s , C o n s tan t in o ple,
an d Mau ritan ia , F o r s k . an d P er s .
C h a ra v u lg a r is , L . ; R o s e tta , D e l. E x te n d in g in riv e r
w a te r to C re te , A th en s , an d th rou gh ou t E u ro p e as fa r as
D enm a rk an d E n g la n d , S ib th . an d P er s .
M a r s ile a A eg yp tia ca , D e l. ; d itch es in th e D e lta , an d mois t
s itu a tio n s n ea r C a iro , D e l.
A d ia n tu m ca pillu s -v en e r is , L . ; C a iro , F o r s k . ; A le x an d r ia ,
D e l. E x te n d in g to K u n n a in Y em en , and am on g mois t
roclcs th ro u gh o u t G re e c e , F o r s k . an d S ib th .
The river-flat along the Nile was originally a pastoral tract, at one time in all probability abounding
in game. Frequented at first by the few species of birds and quadrupeds that have their home in
the Desert, the valley soon became a route of migration among the animal tribes themselves : enabling
antelopes, the lion, hysena, genette (viverra), and ichneumon to cross the wide expanse of Desert;
together with reptiles as the chameleon and monitor, and even some Tropical birds : affording at
the same time ingress into the African continent to Northern migratory birds, and some Northern
quadrupeds.
Tenth generation. May ist, 3967, among living men.
Man may have entered Egypt in the hunter state, subsisting on fish and game ; though I am not
aware of any evidence of the fact. The absence from Egyptian soil of the rude stone relics which in
other countries mark an initial period of barbarism is very striking.
Tradition of the existence somewhere of such a state of society seems to have been preserved
among the Egyptians,— the hieroglyphic character of the slotie ad^e occurring on the
Gliddon mummy-case, while the usual representations clearly belong to the metallic ^ '
adze. Another hieroglyphic cliaracter traceable as far back at least as the Fifth dynasty
(Leps. d. ii. pi. 44 and 64, Buns, and Birch 617) somewhat resembles the smooth stone hatchets
j\^ called cells of the Stone period in Europe; is perhaps the “ arvelos ” for dividing leather,
mentioned by Nicander ther. 423.
If Egypt was colonized by shepherds, men in the pastoral state, they probably resembled the
Arabs of the Sinai peninsula above mentioned;— but who already under the Ihird dynasty are
figured as physically distinct from and enemies of the Egyptians.
3946 B. C. ( " 3876 -]- “ 70 years ” of Gen. v. 12), Cainan.
A ir ip le x halijmis of the seashore of Europe and the Mediterranean countries, and salines as far
as Siberia. The orach is called in Germany “ meldenstrauch,” in Greece “ almuria” (Fraas), in
Egypt “ g a ta f” (Del.), in Egyptian “ arim” (transí. Sept. Job xxx. 4) or “ sh lé h ” (Kirch.), “ sh lo ”
meaning hedge (transí. Sept. Isai. v. 2 and Flos. ii. 6) ; and is one of the few indigenous plaiits of
Egypt that affords sustenance to man : — the “ kathaf el-babri ” is mentioned by Ebn Baitar ; and
A. halimus was observed by Delile from Cairo to the shore of the Mediterranean. Farther North,
the “ alimón” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ érmón vasis ” or “ saphis ” or “ osirithos
thiatKema” or “ eliou stiphanos ” or “ i^ros kaulos” of the prophets and “ atbenoros^^
is mentioned also by Theophrastus; by Antiphanes, as esculent abma r5goiff£s
Dioscorides, as cooked and eaten, growing along the seashore and besides for hedges by
Pliny xxii. 33, as an “ olus maritimum” : A. halimus is known to grow m Siberia (1 ers.) its tops
were found by Belon, and Tournefort trav. p. 43. eaten in G re ece ; is termed by Tournefort inst. 505
“ a latifolia sive halimus fruticosus ” ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on the seashore
from Cyprus and the Greek islands to the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow on the seashore ot
Barbary, Spain, Portugal, and even as far as England (Pers.). By European colonists, was earned
to Austral Africa, and to Chili (Moquin, and A. Dec.) ; to Australia, observed by R. Brown ; to the
I-Iawaiian Islands, through the salt manufacture, as observed by myself.
Eleventh generation. Sept. ist, 3934, among living men ;
Twelfth generation. Jan. ist, 3900, among living men : , 1 1
The same year ( = 3902 in calendar years = 2498 - f “ 203 - f 448 + 198 + 297 -f- 2 6 -J- ■+
I 20 + 42 4 - k + 27 - f 60 ” of the Euseb.-Maneth, table, the Afr.-Maneth. table giving 2857 -fi
u 2 7 / - I - 2 14 -1-3 0 2 -4- 2S3 ” = 3900), a date seemingly indicated by Manetho’s numbers. ^ ^
Papyrus anliquoruin of Abyssinia. The Egyptians according to their own account origina ly
subsisted on the faper-rush (Horap. i. 30), and the plant may have been known to the A^t coli>
nists, its seeds floating down the Nile, — but its final disappearance from Egypt indicates an exo ic
maintained through cultivation: P. antiquorum was in Egypt before the invention of writing, re
paper made from it constituting a hieroglyphic character ; was observed by myse f figured m standin,
crops under the Fourth dynasty and on subsequent monuments ; continued m the days of I liny xiii.
21 to be eaten by the Egyptians, but whether crude or boiled only the juice swallowed ; was last seen
in Evvpt in iSoo, bv Delile near Damietta (not met with by Forskal) ; is not mentioned by Clot-be>,
and k the time of my own visit was regarded as extinct. Farther South, the “ papuron was foun
by Artemidofus on the margin of lakes in the Somali country (Strab. xvi. 4- >4) .
of P. antiquorum were procured by Bruce from lakes Tzana and Gooderoo in Abyss,n,a (Grevilie).
Northward from Egypt, the plant in the days of Pliny grew along Urn Euphrates, also around a ake
in Syria (the same perhaps where it continues to the present day), but in these localities as in Sicily
and Southern Italy its presence is doubtless due to the hand of man. . . . . „
In the absence of plants suitable for cultivation, Agriculture could not have originated on the
banks of the N ile ; but the first colonists may have brought knowledge of the art, and may even for
a time have confined their attention to the above-mentioned Papyrus.
3876 B. C. (= 3 8 1 1 -1- “ 65 y e a r s ” of Gen. v. 15), Mahalaleel.
It is worthy of remark, that most of the objects of early cultivation in Egypt are Northern plants,
from Palestine and the countries be yon d; and as the dryer and main portion of the nver-flat became
occupied and irrigated, game became scarce and some of the larger kinds disappeared.
With the introduction of Agriculture came weeds, the climate eminently favouring the naturalization
of exotics; reminding me in fact of our Northern greenhouses, where Subarctic and Equatorial
plants are often subjected to the same amount of heat and moisture, and yet are foun
flourishing side by side. — A t the present day, the soil having been upturned for ages, the spontaneous
growth on the river-flat consists largely of imported weeds.
Thirteenth generation. May 1st, 3867, among living men : ^
Of the condition of mankind at this period we have some positive knowledge ; the hieroglyphic
characters including implements that had been long in use, implying often customs and associations
bv no means novel when the objects were selected for representation. The state of society seems in
many respects not unlike Bedouin life, but the men were by no means inferior in intelligence nor less
ambitious in their aims — than our leading spirits of the present day. . , , • i „
Names were given to birds and beasts before man had occasion to commune with his fellows,
and the whole account in Genesis of his earlier history seems to imply the possession of languap .
Man’ s “ natural language” of gestures, utterances, and exclamations is more expressive than words ,
but perhaps something may be learned from the hieroglyphic characters, the mouth representing
the articulation “ r,” that (according to Plato) means rushing o n : now we can conceive of
a torrent of expletives, like the scolding of birds and certain quadrupeds, yet it seems more probable
that the intellectual torrent proceeding out of the mouth consisted of regularly-formed words.
Fourteenth generation. Sept. ist, 3834, among living m en : j ■ -r ^ mi •
However it may have been with language, writing was certainly invented m Egypt, i his
appears from the hieroglyphic forms of objects peculiar to Egypt, also historically, the Greeks
havinv preserved the name of the inventor of writing Th6t. His name is besides found engrafted
in the^Egyptian language in the word “ tli6t,” having the same m e a n in g - and pronounced like our
Eno-lish “ thought ” ; may also have been the origin of the Greek “ thok£m.” ^
°T h e original words of the Coptic or Egyptian language are not arbitrarily nor accidentally