to
; m i'l
! i
272 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
Delile it has been long known; and by Forskal, under cultivation m Yemen. Farther North, by
Forskal in gardens at Constantinople ; by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus; and by fobthorp srora-
ingly wild on Zacynthus and other Greek islands. As transported Westward, is distinguished by
Tournefort inst. 257, Linnæus mant. 69, and Persoon. . . , o cu »
Anthriscus cerefolium of Europe? Called iu Britain chervil, m A nglo-toxon cæ rfil« m
France “ cerfeuil” (Prior, and Lindl.), in Germany “ kerbel,” in Italy “ cerloglio (Lenz). in Egypt
“ maqdunis frandji” parsley of Europeans (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the “ chaerephyllum
identified by Columella xi. 3 with the A N 6 P I S KO Y of Cratinus, — or “ ënthruskon of Pherecrates
(Athen,), enumerated among potherbs by Theophrastus vii. 7- i : the “ anthnscum aplmodisiac
and restorative, closely resembling “ scandix ” but the leaves less slender and less fragrant, is enumerated
by Pliny xxi. 52 to xxii. 38 among the esculent plants of Egypt : A cerefolium was observed
there in cmrdens by Forskal, and Delile ; and by Forskal, in the environs of Constantinople. W estward,
the “ caerefolium” is sown according to Pliny xix. 54 at the autumnal equinox, is mentioned
also by Palladius iii. 24. 9 to x. 13. 3: A. cerefolium is described by C. Bauhm p. i5 0 S p r e n 0 ;
continues under cultivation in Italy and middle Europe, springing up besides m cultivated and fallow
ground as far as Britain (Pers., A. Dec., and Lenz) ; is according to Lindley “ a common potherb
w ith edible ro o ts” (See Scandix Australis, and S. pecten). „ 7 im C art-yj of the W est Mediterranean countries. The K A f X P Y S of Cratinus (schol.
Aristonh. nub. 447), called “ livanötis ” from the frankincense odour of its root, and this root as
appears from Dioscorides collected and dried, m aybe compared; the “ k agh rro«’ root ^escribed
in Nat. mul. 29, and 2 Morb. mui, 71, is identified with the “ livanötis ’ by Galen ; the hvroötis
karpimös ” of Dioscorides having a large white root, fennel-like leaves spreading on the 0Ound and
odorous, and umbels of rounded white seed, is referred here by Matthioli ami Spiengffi. the account
bv Pliny xxiv. 59 of the “ rosmarinum ” bearing a resinous seed called cachrys, seems m part
taken from Dioscorides : C. libanotis is described by Matthioli p. 375, Dodoens p. 308, and Morison
ix. pl. I ; and is known to grow in Sicily and Barbary (Pers., Crrtzß of the East Mediterranean countries. Paonsds ibSlpyr etnhge .fo kaghrus „ of. nC rartinus .
the “ karpimös livanötis ” of Theophrastus ix 10 growing in arid stony places and having leaves like
“ sëlinô ëlëiô” but much larger, oblong rough white seeds, which with the leaves a « r e t are
employed medicinally, is referred here by Sprengel; also the “ kaghruôëssa and k^ iruifooros
of Nicander ther. 40 and 850 : C. Cretica is termed “ c. cretica angehcæ folio asp h o d « radice by
Tournefort cor. 23 ; is known to grow on Crete (Pers., and Fraas), and was observed by Sibthorp on
'^'^Thymus serpyllum of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in B r \g n pell-a-momitain (Prior),
in France “ serp olet” (F ée), in Germany “ quendel,” m Italy “ sermollmo selvático or serpiHo
(Lenz) in Yemen “ saatar ” (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the “ sërpulloum of the Romros Men-
tified i l Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian “ meröuopuös,” and the EPPY AAO S of C ratm u s,-A ristophanes
pac. 168, Eubulus, Antiphanes, Anaxandrides, Clearchus, Theophrastus vi. i, Theocritus,
Callimachus, Nicander, Dioscorides, and Athenaeus xv. 32 : T. serpyllum was obseived by fobthorp,
and Fraas, frequent on mountains from the Bithynian Olympus to the Peloponnesus and Crete ; is
known to grow also on the Taurian, Himalayan, and Altaian mountains, and as far as Daouria
(Buime, Ledeb., Bieb., Royle, and Benth.) ; was observed by Forskal on the mountains of Yemen ;
and by Schimper, in Abyssinia. Westward, the “ serpyllum ” is mentioned by to to 73 , V ano,
Catullus, Virgil, Columella, and is described by Pliny xx. 90 as growing chiefly m taony places ; T.
serpyllum is known to grow in Italy and Barbary and throughout mMdle and Northern Europe
L 4 as Lapland, Iceland, and Greenland (Hook., and W ats.). By European co omsts, was
carried to Madeira (A. D ec.) ; to Northeast America prior to 1669 (Joss ) where it 0 s become
naturalized in exposed situations ; and to other distant countries where I have found it readily
^ " " T lT lZ g l l b r a t u s , regarded as distinct by Hoffmannsegg and Link, and called in Greece
“ hamothroumpi ” (Fraas) : - the kind of “ ërpullos agrios ” having according to Theo0 rastus vi. 7
a sharp “ thumvrôthê ” odour, is referred here by Fraas: T. glabratus was observed by him, and
Chaubard, on the mountains of Greece and the Greek islands ; and Westward, is known to grow in
^'‘ T M Z d f f lu t i c o s a of the Mediterranean countries. A shrubby sage-like plant called in Greece
“ phlöm ö” or “ sphaka” or “ gatharosphaka” (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the i<I>AKON of Cra-
tilu s - Phrynichus, Eupolis, Alexis, Aristophon, and A thenaeus: the “ phlBmos agria of Dioscorides
iv. Í02 having rings around the twigs as in “ prasiôn ” and the flower yellovv, is referred here
bv writers: P. fruticosa was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, throughout Greece and
the Greek islands, one of the most frequent shrubby plants in the vicinity of the sea ; 0 Dehle, on
the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, is described by Matthioli p. 800, and Dodoens p. 146 ;
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 2 7 3
is termed “ ph. fruticosa salviæ folio latiore et rotundiore ” by Tournefort inst. 177 ; and is known to
grow in Italy, Sicily, and Spain (Pers., and Lenz ; see Salvia officinalis).
Euphorbia charadas of the Mediterranean countries. A kind of spurge called in Italy “ caracia ”
or “ titímalo cara c ia ” (Lenz), in Greece “ phlômôs” or “ galazitha” or “ tithumalô” (Sibth.); in which
we recognize the T I 0 YMAAAON of Cratinus, — Phrynichus, the Hippocratic writings, described
as red-stenimed by Micion, and Cratevas, and the “ tithumalos arrën” of Theophrastus ix. 11. 8 identified
by Dioscorides with “ t. karakias ” growing in rough mountainous situations, and red-stemmed
with olive-like leaves : E. characias was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in
Greece in rough stony places to the height of “ two thousand ” feet. Westward, the “ tithymallus ”
is mentioned by Columella ; and “ tithymalus characias ” by Pliny xxvi. 39 : E. characias is termed
“ t. characias rubens peregrinus” by Tournefort inst. 85; was olrserved by Forskal on mountains
near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in Italy, Sicily, Spain, and as far as middle Europe (Lam. fl.
fr., Pers., and A. Dec.).
Muscari comosum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Germany “ schopf-hyacinthe ”
(Fraas), in Greece “ vônrvôs ” or “ vôrvôs ” or “ vôlvô ” (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the B 0 ABÍ2
of Cratinus, — Eupolis, Callias, Archestratus, Xenarchus, Theophrastus vii. 13, Heraclides Tarenti-
nus, Athenaeus ii. 64, and “ vôlvôs ëthôthimôs ” known to every one according to Dioscorides : of
“ bulborum ” some are eaten crude, as in the Taurian Chersonesus, and the names of six kinds distinguished
in Greece are further enumerated by Pliny xix. 30: M. comosum was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, from Cyprus and the Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus, flowering
at the opening of Spring and the root eaten ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt.
Westward, next after the “ bulborum” of the Taurian Chersonesus those of Numidia in the days of
Pliny were most esteemed, the third place being assigned to those of Southern Italy : M. comosum
is enumerated by Anguillara p. 119 as eaten in Crete, Corcjua, and Italy; is termed “ m. arvense
latifolium purpurascens ” by Tournefort inst. 347 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is
known to grow in waste ground as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pl. 126, and Pers.).
Ophrys ferrum-equinum oi the Mediterranean countries. The KOÍMOSANAAAON of Cratinus,
— worn in garlands by the Spartans according to Clearchus, growing according to Pausanias
ii. 35 in the Peloponnesus, its flower large agreeing in colour with the “ uakinthos ” and in like manner
marked with letters, is referred here by Sprengel : O. ferrum-equinum is described by Desfontaines
(ann. mus. x. pl. 15).
Lilium Chalcedonicum of the mountains of the East Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries.
Called in Greece “ krin o s” (Fraas); in which we recognize the “ krinon agrión” or krinanthë-
môn” or “ pôrphuranthës ” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian “ iôkrôi,” and HMEPOKAAAEI
of Cratinus, — and Athenaeus xv, having according to Dioscorides a large bulb-like root, stem and
leaves “ kri n ò ’’-like, and on each branch three or four pale flowers resembling those of “ krin ô”
beginning to open: the red “ krinôn ” is mentioned by Theophrastus vi._6: “ liis roug es” were
observed by Belon at Constantinople : L. Chalcedonicum is termed “ 1. Byzantium miniatum ” by
Tournefort inst, 371 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in inountain-ravines from Zante to Parnassus
; is known to grow also in Persia (Pers.). Westward, the “ rubens lilium” called by the
Greeks “ crinôn ” is mentioned by Pliny xxi. 11 : the “ ëmërôkallis ” or “ ëmërôkatallaktôs ” or “ vôlvôs
Ô aimatikos ” or “ antikanlharon ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ avivlavon” of the Numidians,
and “ vôulvôum ” or “ ëliôum agrëstëm ” or “ ëliôum marinôum ” of the Romans, but is separately
mentioned by Pliny xxi. 90 : L. Chalcedonicum is known to grow wild in Carniolia, and in a few
localities in Italy (Pers., and Lenz).
L.iliiim bulbiferum of the mountains of Southern Europe. Included perhaps in the “ êmërô-
kallei ” of Cratinus,— and Dioscorides, referred here by Matthioli p. 631 : the “ k rin ôn ” producing
drops and multiplied by planting them, is mentioned by Theophrastus ii. 2 : L. bulbiferum was
observed by Fraas on mount Parnassus ; and fartlier East, by Thunberg in Japan (Steud.).
Westward, is known to grow in Austria, Italy, and other parts of Southern Europe (Jacq. austr. pl.
226, Pers., and Lenz).
Asphodelus luteus of the Mediterranean countries. The AN0 EPIKO? of Cratinus,—
Phrynichus, Theophrastus vi. 2. 9 to vii. 13. 4, or the “ anthërix ” by boys according to Theocritus'
i. 52 woven into a trap to catch grasshoppers, is referred here by Stackhouse ; “ anthërikôn ” according
to Dioscorides ii. 199, and Pliny xxii. 32, béing tlie stem of the “ aspbôthëlôs : ” A. luteus is
described by C. Bauhin pin. 28 ; is termed “ a. luteus et flore et radice ” by Tournefort inst. 343 ;
was observed by Sibthorp, arid Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Parnassus ; by Hogg,
frequent in the wooded region of Etna ; and is known to grow as far as Switzerland (Hall. 120Ó,
and Pers.).
“ 447 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, quaestors, hitherto appointed by the consuls, for the first
time elected by the people ; M. Geganius Macerinus and C. Julius Julus being consuls.
J '
A A
f * ! ! ?
-I ».
w z 1
Í'-' ■(