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B r I ^ Bramm.). By Columbus himself, the horse was carried to
fn ! r 0 lliroughout, even among uncivilized tribes,
and m both Northern and Austral America has besides relapsed into secondary wildness.
The same tomb at El Kab presents tlie earliest distinct figures of the pig I could find on the
Egyptian monuments ; a herd substituted for the goats previously employed for treading in seeds
pattered on the so ih — pigs continued to subserve this agricultural purpose in Egypt in the days of
Herodotus n. 14 ; afterwards, another change took place, in the substitution of sheep, witnessed by
Baumgarten 1. 15. The hieroglyphic character of the pig, occurs as early at least as the Ptolemies
(Leps cl. IV pl. 26) and is mentioned by Horapollo ii. 35. The flesh of the “ hzyr ” or pig was prohibited
by Moses (Levfr. xi. 7) ; the pig is also mentioned by Homer, Aeschylus ; and in Switzerland,
during the Stone period, was kept domesticated, as appears from debris of the earliest villaros (Tro-
0 n ) Easfoard, m Hindustan, the pig is mentioned in the Sama Veda (Stevenson), and in the
fostitutes of Manu (Deslongchamps’ version) : and figures of boar-headed personages were oliserved
by myself in a Braminical cave-teraple at Ellora. In China, the pig has been long known. Farther
Last, was aboriginally introduced throughout the Tropical- islands of the Pacific (as verified liy myself)
but wM absent from New Zealand until carried there by colonial Whites : and was carried to
America by Columbus (F. Columb. 8i).
Zizgffiins vidgaris of the Southern border of the Sahara. Called in Italy “ giu ggio lo” and its
rui gmggiula or “ zizola ” or “ zinzola ” (Lenz), in Greece “ tzitzuphuia ” and its fruit “ tzitzupha ”
U ia a s . around Lebanon “ ziziphi ” (Rauwolf), in Egypt “ onnab” (Forsk.), and heaps of red fruit
h a ired in the same tomb - possibly belong here: Z. vulgaris was pointed out to me by an Arab
^tendant as bearing “ the best of all known fruits,” in accordance witli the account of Lotophagi by
Homer od. ix. 97 ; the “ lôtos ” of Cyrene, its timber much used in Egypt and its fruit yielding wine,
IS mentioned by Herodotus 11. 56 and iv. 177, Theophrastus iv. 3, Polybius, Strabo xvii. 3. I7, and
Athenaeus xiv. 65 ; “ lôtos ëtëros ” yielding wine and its fruit eaten, is enumerated in the Scylacean
«.-.plus among trees planted in the garden of the Hesperides, occurring also farther West alon^ the
0-1 tis of the Lotophagi (Tripolitan coast): Z. vulgaris is mentioned by Mohammed kor. 53 (transl
Sato); was observed by Mungo Park in Interior Africa (Pers.) ; by Abd-allatif, Forskal liii . Delile'
Clot-Bey, under cultivation m Egypt, its timber of excellent quality and a cold infusion of iti
fiuit much u s « . Farther North, the “ zizuphon ” is mentioned by Galen, Oribasius, and in Geo-
imnica x. 3 ; Z. vulgaris was observed by Rauwolf around Lebanon ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard and
■Fraas on Parnassus and the mountains of Attica, also in gardens. Westward, “ zizipha” were
broright from Syria towards the close of the reign of Augustus by Sextus Papinius, seen consul
, 0 . D. 36) by Phny xv. 14; and the tree is mentioned as cultivated in Italy by Columella, and Palla-
ffius Z. vulgaris IS termed “ ziziphus” by Tournefort inst. 627; was observed by Ray (Ho^zo- in
Hook joui-0 , and Lenz, cultivated and seemingly wild in Italy; and by Shaw, in Barbary Eastward
from Egyqrt, is known to occur in Persia (Pall, fi. ross. ii. pl, 59, and Lindl.) ; was observed by
Roxburgh m Hindustan; by Graham, the “ cultivated there generally found about old Musselman
cities in the Deccan and Goozerat, and probably introduced at the time of Mahomedan conquest ”
According to Lindley, “ the pleasant pectoral lozenges called pâte de jujube are prepared” in part
from this species, (See Z, jujuba, and Z. melanogona).
A llium cepa of the Desert-margin in Syria and Persia. Called in Britain onion, in a Wvcliffite
transl Num “ un.owns,” in France “ oignon” (Prior), in Germany “ zwiebel” (Grieb), in Italy
cipo la (Lenz), in Greece “ krommuthi ” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ basal ” (Forsk ), in Egyptian “ miôl ”
(transLSept.) or “ ëmjôl ” (Kirch.) or “ ëm jo l” (ms. Borg.) or “ mjôul ” (lex. Oxf,)Tand standing
crops figured in this tomb, brown-headed and pulled while the stems are green — seem to beloni
here ; notwithstanding die superior height of a similar crop at Bab-el-meluk under the Nineteenth
dynasty : strings of onions are distinctly figured under the Seventeenth or Eighteenth dynasty
(Champ.-Fig.pl. . .): “ btzlym ” were longed for by the Israelites in the Desert (Num. xi. s) • and
“ caepas were held sacred like gods by the Egyptians in oaths, in the days of Pliny xix 3I and
Juvenal x v : A. cepa was observed by Forskal, Deliie, Clot-Bey, and myself, under cultivatiln in
E g y 0 ; a « by Hasselquist, growing in the open country along the Dead Sea near Jericho (A. Dec.).
f arther North, the " krommuon ” is mentioned by Homer, Aristophanes, Theophrastus, Dioscorides ■
IS identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ këpam” of the Romans ; the “ cepe ” or “ caepa” is mentioned
by \-arro, Horace, Persms, Columella, and according to Pliny xix. 32 to xx. 20 is unknown in the
\v0 d state : A, cepa is termed “ c. vulgaris floribus et tunicis candidis ” by Tournefort inst. 382 ; was
« s e r v e d Iiy Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas everywhere under cultivation in Greece, as throughout
Europe. Eastward from Egypt, the Tsoung ling or onion mountain-chain passing near Kachgar, derives
its name from the abundance of the plant (Klapr. mem. ii. 295): A . cepa is successfully cuhivated
within the Tropics, as witnessed by myself at Mocha and in Hindustan ; is menti'oned in the Institutes
of Manu (transl. Deslongch ), is called in Sanscrit “ palandu” or “ latarka ” or “ sukandaka”
(Pidd., and Ainsl.), in Bengalee “ palandu brikhya ” or “ tanmul,” in Hindustanee “ basal ” or “ piyaz ”
(D’roz.), and “ piaz ” in the environs of Bombay long famed “ for the cultivation ” (Graham), f arther
East, was observed by Mason “ e xo tic ” in Burmah and called “ kyet-thwon-nee ; ” by Loureiro,
under cultivation in Cochinchina and China; by Kaempfer and Thunberg, cultivated here and there
in Japan and called “ soo, ” or usually “ fitomosi.” By European colonists, was carried to Peiu
before the visit of J. Acosta, observed there by myself; to the West Indies before the visit of Sloane i.
p. 75 ; to New England before the visit of W. Wood i. 5 in 1629, continues abundantly cultivated in
Northeast America, and partly from this source has been distributed throughout the Pacific, as ascertained
by myself on the Plawaiian and f'eejeean islands, New Zealand, and Australia.
Metallic money, probably of silver, at this time in use in Egypt, as .shown by heaps of rings
figured at El Kab (Leps. d. iii. pl. 10).— The pieces of silver given by Abimelech to Abraham, and
those “ weighed” for the purchase of the sepulchre at Hebron (Gen. xx. 16 and xxiii. 16), were probably
of this description. Rings, regarded by Champollion-Figeac p. 208 as of silver, are figured in a
tribute-procession to Tetmes 111. under the Eighteenth dynasty : a mummy belonging to the time of
perhaps the Twenty-fifth dynasty, was found on being unrolled in London to contain “ a silver plate.”
Among the Greeks, the discovery of silver was attributed to Erichthonius of Athens, or by some to
Aeacus (Plin. vii. 57); and “ arguroelos” silver-studded, and “ argurotoxos ” bearing a silver bow,
are expressions used by Homer il. i. 37 and ii. 45.
1612 B. C. (= 1587 y. 23911 fi- + “ 43° — 4° ° years ” of ten lunations of Ex. xii. 40 and Gen. xv.
13 = 24 j, y. 93/5 d., for 30 years X 10 H- 12 = “ 100-75 years” of Gen. xii. 4 and xxi. 5), the Call to
A b ram ; and his departure from Haran for the land of Canaan.
The “ gm l” of the sojourn of Abram in Egypt (Gen. xii. 16), according to the name current
there and the received opinion, is the camel, Camelus dromas : — the “ gml ” is also mentioned in
Genesis xxxvii. 25, Leviticus xi. 4, Judges vii. 12, viii. 26, i Kings x. 2, and Job i. 3 ; but by Herodotus,
in connexion with the East on ly ; is figured in the Khorsabad sculptures at Nineveh (Botta pl.
98, and Bonom. iv. i ) , and on Himyaritic monuments in Yemen (observed by myself), but seems
entirely excluded from the Egyptian monuments. Egypt besides, appears to have continued for
many centuries a barrier to the diffusion of the living animal Westward : even to the time of the
Romans, the camel is hardly mentioned more than once in Numidia (Caes bell. afr. 68); and its
final complete introduction, carrying population into districts previously uninhabitable, doubtless revolutionized
society throughout North Africa. In Hindustan, the camel is mentioned in the Institutes
of Manu, and as used for riding by bramins (Braminical and Deslongchamps’ versions); riding camels
in India, is also mentioned by Herodotus, and Arrian, and was occasionally witnessed by myself;
but I found no figures of the animal in the cave-temples. Recently, the camel has been introduced
upon our Western plains, and with some promise of success.
The city of Hebron at this time in existence (Gen. xiii. 18, xviii. i, and xxiii. 2). “ Hebron was
built seven years before Zoan in E g y p t ” (Numb. xiii. 22), In regard to the latter city, called also San
or Tanis, no Tanite dynasty is named by Manetho anterior to the present date ; — and the earliest
relics found there are inscribed with the name of Meneptha II. of the Nineteenth dynasty.
1609 B. C. ( = 1071 -j- “ 25th -|- 27 -|- 19 -|- 42 -f- 30 -f- 8 -|- 32 -)- 30 45 -|- 45 -J- 40 -j- 40 -j-
30 4- 22 - f 30 -f- 30 -j- 32 years ” of Eusebius i. - f “ 12 years ” in another place), accession of Bal-
aeus as Assyrian emperor. (The alleged “ 12 years,” not reaching Cephalion’s limit, cannot be correct
; and in fact, “ fifty-two” years are assigned to this reign in Euseb. i and ii, and Syncell.).
Amosis abolished the human sacrifices to Hera or Juno in Heliopolis ; and in place of the victims,
ordered “ kerinous ” to be laid aside (Manetho, in Porphyr. de abst, ii. 55). The Greek word
may in one sense mean destiny-images or soul-certificates, and therefore the small blue sepulchral
images so frequently e.xhumed in Egypt. — A box for holding such images, dated in the succeeding
reign, is mentioned by Birch as the earliest instance known of the custom of depositing th em: he
further states, that these images are all inscribed with the same extract from the Ritual or Book of
the Dead.
This interfering in religious rites seems connected with the real commencement of Gi'eek history,
Inachus first king of Argos being a worshipper of Hera or Juno (Pausan. ii. 15. 4). The inhabitants
of Greece had by this time reached the Second stage of society, the consequence (according to
Dicearchus) of accumulating provisions, slaying wild animals and domesticating certain kinds, multiplying
herds through pastoral pursuits, and the introduction of war. As to the Third stage, critical
examination of whatever is practically useful leading to Agriculture, the art if not already in Greece
would probably be brought by refugee priests of Hera.
Malva sylvestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain mallow or
ronnd-dock,hy Caanzex “ d o ck ” (Prior), in Italy “ malva” or “ malva selvatica” (Lenz), in Germany
“ wilde kasepappel,” in Greece “ moloha ” or “ maloha ” (Fraas), in Egyptian “ j6j,” the same
word meaning unleavened bread (Kirch.), in which we recognize the “ malahe ” eaten as early as this
14
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