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4 5 8 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
Carex acuta of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain with otlier species segs or sedge,
in Anglo-Saxon “ secg ” (meaning also a small sword, Prior), and the C A R E C T VMo f Vitruvius, —
and Virgil eel. iii. 20, and “ carice pastus acuta ” of geor. iii. 231, are referred here by Billerbeck : the
“ se g g ” is mentioned in a Wycliffite translation of Ex. iii. 2 (Prior) : C. acuta is known to grow from
the Mediterranean throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Curt,
lond. iv. pl. 62, Hook., Pers , and W ats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on
the mountains of the Peloponnesus ; and is known to grow about Caucasus and in Siberia (Bieb ,
and W ats.).
The NIGRVM' INDICVMo f Vitruvius, — and Pliny, is referred by Beckmann to India ink :
and Pliny xxxv. 25 e.xpressly mentions a kind of ink imported from India The “ mëlan ” of Paulus
Aegineta is also referred here by F. Adams. “ India ” ink, notwithstanding the name, is a Chinese
manufacture.
“ 28 B. C.” (Hieronym., and Clint.), the Pythagorean and Magian Anaxilaus of Larissa, expelled
from Rome and Italy by Octavius,
Valerianella olitoria of Sicily. Called in Britain corn salad or lamb's lettuce, classed formerly
with lettuces and called in medieval Latin “ lactuca agnina ” (Prior), called in,France “ doucette ” or
“ m ache” (Nugent): the “ lactuculæ thyrsus” eaten habitually by Augustus to allay thirst — (Sueton.
77), or “ teneris frondens lactucula fibris” of Columella, may be compared: V. olitoria is termed
“ sallade de chanoine” by Lobel hist. 412; is described also by Tabernæmontanus i. 475, and
Gerarde em. pl. 348 ; is known to occur in cultivated ground from Barbary throughout middle Europe
as far as Sweden (Linn. fl. suec., and Pers.) ; and only in Sicily in mountain meads anti the open
country (Gussone i. 30, and A. Dec.). Eastward, was observed by Bory and Chaubard in cultivated
ground in the Peloponnesus. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it
continues in cultivated and fallow ground in our Middle States, and is brought to market in the early
spring.
“ 27, January” (Blair, and Clint.), the Augustan era. The title “ augustus ” conferred by the
Roman Senate on Octavius, accompanied with the power of imperator for le n years, the censorship,
and absolute exemption from the laws.
Proceeding to Spain, Augustus wrote to Virgil, who in reply states that the Aeneid is not in a fit
state to send, hardly begun — (Macrob. sat. i. 24, and Sm. b. d.). The death of Marcellus in “ B. C.
23 ” is alluded to in aen. vi, 883, and the poet died “ Sept. 22d, B. C. 19.”
Cissus vitiginea of Hindus tan. Th eAMOMVM'AS SYRIVMo f Virgil georg. iv. 25, — attributed
to Mesopotamia by Strabo xvi p. 290, to Media and Pontus by Dioscorides, to Carduene by Josephus
antiq xx. 2, “ indica vite labrusca” according to Pliny xii. 28, is referred here by Plukenet and
others: the similar “ amômithi ” .with which according to Dioscorides it was adulterated, seems in
some respects to correspond: C, vitiginea was received from India by Plukenetm ant.pl. 337; was
observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, in “ Kennery jungles etc. common in the rains,” by
Wight in other parts of the peninsula, and by Roxburgh in Bengal, but no known uses are recorded.
Gos.sypium arboreum of Abyssinia and Yemen. A shrub called in Egypt “ cotn el sadjar ” tree
cotton, in Yemen “ otb ” or “ odjas ” (Forsk.), and possibly the cotton-plant attributed by Virgil geor.
ii. 120 to Ethiopia : — a shrub “ fruticem quern aliqui gossypion vocant plures xylon,” small and growing
in the higlier part of Egypt towards Arabia, is mentioned by Pliny xix. 2. 3, but the fibres of G.
arboreum are not known to have been woven into cloth : the shrub was observed by Forskal, and
Delile, in the gardens of Egypt; by Foiskal, p. 125, under cultivation in Yemen, and var. rubrum
wild on the mountains; is known to grow wild also in Abyssinia (A. Rich. p. 64). Eastward, is
described by Rumphius iv. pi. 13 ; was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, “ generally
to be met with about houses and in gardens as an ornamental shrub ; ” in other parts of Plindustan
according to Royle him. 99 only near temples, occurring beyond as far as Celebes (A. Dec.).
A rctium lappa of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Anglo-Saxon “ date,” by Chaucer,
and by Galfridus pr, pm, “ d ote,” in current English clot-bur or burdock, in Germany “ klette,” in
France “ bardane” (Prior), in Italy “ bardana” (Lenz), in Greece “ platèa” or “ platumantulitha ; ”
in which we recognize the LAPPA of Virgil geor. i. 153 to iii. 385, — “ tenax lappa” of Ovid, or
“ personatam ” bearing according to Pliny xxv. 58 “ grandes lappas ” and leaves than which none are
“ latius A. lappa is termed “ 1. major arctium D ioscoridis” by Tournefort inst. 450; and is known
to occurlti waste ground in Italy and throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. iv. pl. 55, and Pers.).
Eastward, the “ persolata” known to all is identified by Pliny xxv. 66 with the “ arción” of the
Greeks; and the “ përsônakëam ” or “ lappan,” of the Romans, in Syn. Diosc. with the “ prôsôpion”
or “ prósópitiia” or “ arkëion; described by Dioscorides as having hairy leaves resembling those of
“ kôlôkunthës ” but larger, a large root, and employed for various medicinal purposes : A. lappa was
observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in shaded waste grotmd in Northern Greece, more rare in Attica
and on the Greek islands. Farther South, the “ arkthion acher” of Ebn Baitar is referred itere by
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OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 4 5 9
Sontheimer. Farther East, is known to occur in Siberia (Lindl.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and
Thunberg, everywhere along roadsides in Japan and called “ gobo ” or “ uma bufuki.” By European
colonistslw as carried to Northeast America, where it has become frequent in waste ground. The
root according to Sprengel is esculent; and according to Lindley, is employed medicinally, and
“ reckoned tonic, aperient, sudorific, and diuretic.”
Viburnum lautana of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain lithy-trce
(Prior), in France “ viorne ” (Nugent), in Italy “ lentaggine” or “ lantana” or “ viburno” (Lenz),
in Greece “ klämaxitha ” (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize tlie V I B V R N A termed L E N T A by Virgil
eel. i. 25, — mentioned also by Columella v. 6; the “ lythwyrt” is menlioned in the Anglo-Saxon
transl. Apul. 29 and 127: V. lantana is described by Dodoens pempt. 769; is termed “ wayfaring
tree” or “ wayfarer” by Gerarde, “ viburnum” by Tournefort inst. 607; and is known to grow in
Italy and throughout middle Europe, occurring in hedges in Britain (Jacq. austr. pi. 341, Lam. fl. fr.,
Pers., and Prior). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus.
Valeriana saliimca of Switzerland. Called in Celtic “ saliunca” (Val. Cord. p. 2, and Spreng.) ;
in which we recognize the S A LI V N C A of Virgil eel. v. 17, ~ growing according to Pliny xxi. 20 and
83 in Pannonia and “ Norici alpiumque aprica,” used medicinally, and placed among clothing on
account of its pleasant odour; also the “ sallougka ” so-called according to Dioscorides by the
natives of the Ligurian Alps where it grow s: V. saliunca is described by Dalechamp p. 982, Allioni,
Villars, and is known to grow on the Southern prolongation of the Alps, on mount Meri in Savoy,
and on mount Ventoux (Reuter, Martins, and A. D ec.). The root, according to Wulffenius, and
Sprengel, is exported from Trieste Eastward in large quantities to mix in ointments. (See V.
celtica.) Vaccinium vitis-idaea of Subarctic Climates. A depressed small shrub called in Britain cowberry
(Prior); in which we recognize the VACCINIA gathered according to Virgil, — mentioned
also by Vitruvius vii. 14, and Ovid trist, i. 5, by Pliny xvi. 31 as cultivated by slaves in Italy, but in
Gaul used to dye garments purple: “ red whortle-berries ” were adopted as the badge of the M’Leod
clan in Scotland (Vincent’s ed. Haydn) : V. vitis-idaea is termed “ myrtillus exiguus” by Tragus
(Spreng.); was observed by Savi on the Appenines ; is known to grow in Switzerland, and Northern
Europe as far as Lapland and Greenland (fl. Dan. pl. 40, Pers., and W ats.). Eastward, on the
higher portion of Caucasus (Bieb.) and throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka (Gmel., and Pall.).
Farther East, was observed by Mertens at Norfolk Sound in Alaska; by Drummond, in Lat. 54°
on the Saskatchawan ; by Richardson, near the Arctic Sea in Lat. 65° ; by myself, from the Lower
St. Lawrence throughout the neighbouring portion of New England; by Oakes, as far as Lat. 42° 30'
along the A tlantic; and is the upland cranberry, whose berries are brought in quantities to the
Boston market. Osyris alba of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ ginestrella ” or “ osiride” or
“ casia poetica” (Lenz), in Greece “ pfeurötöxulön ” or “ niurötöxulön ; ” in which we recognize the
C A S I A of Virgil eel. ii. 49 and georg. ii. 213 ; — also the “ osyris ” described by Pliny xxvii. 88 as
having fruit at first black, changing afterwards to reddish, and used by women for “ smegmata”
scouring; O. alba is described by Lobel pl. 433, and C. Bauhin pin. p. 212 ; is termed “ casia poetica
monspeliensium ” by Tournefort inst. 664; and is known to grow in Italy and other parts of Southern
Europe (Pers., and Spreng.). Eastward, the “ osuris” is described by Dioscorides, is written
“ osiris” by Galen fac. simpl. viii. p. 93; and O. alba was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chau-,
bard, and Fraas, frequent from the Dardanelles to the Greek islands and the Peloponnesus.
Rosmarinus officinalis of the W est Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain rosemary (Prior),
in Germany “ rosniarin” (Grieb), in France “ romarin” (N ugent), in Italy “ ramerino ” or “ rosma-
rino” (Lenz), in Greece “ thenthrölivanön ” or by the Turks “ biberic,” in Egypt “ k lil” or “ asel-
ban,” in which we recognize the M A R I N V S - R 0 S commended for bees by Virgil, — and Columella,
mentioned also by Horatius od. iii. 23, Ovid, Servius, Apuleius 79, and as cultivated in Italy by
Pliny xvii. 21: R. officinalis is termed “ r. spontaneus latiore folio” by Tournefort inst 195; is
known to grow in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Lindl., and Lenz), and is besides cultivated
both here and farther North. Eastward, the “ rösmarinöum ” of the Romans is identified in
the Syn. Diosc., and by Pliny, and Galen, with the “ livanötis” used for garlands, having according
to Dioscorides slender twigs with crowded narrow leaves, green above and white beneath ; the
“ thgnthrolivanon” is mentioned in the Geoponica xi. 16: R. officinalis was observed by Forskal,
Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in uncultivated places from the Greek islands to the Peloponnesus,
and under cultivation from Constantinople throughout. Farther South, was observed by Forskal,
Delile, CIot-Bey, and myself, a favourite in the gardens of Egypt. By European colonists, was
carried to Northeast America prior to 1670 (Joss.), and continues under cultivation; to the Philippines,
wliere it is called in Tagalo “ romero” (B lanco); and probably also to Hindustan where it
was observed “ in gardens” by Graham, and to Japan where it was found by Thunberg cultivated
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