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CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
I II4 B. C. (= 1413 y. 302II d. — “ 300 y e a r s ” of Judg. xi. 26), the Ammonites defeated by the
Israelites under Jephthah. — From the etymology of the name, it has been conjectured : That Jeph-
thaji’s daughter became the Iphigeneia of the Greeks; and confirmation is found in the silence of
Homer respecting Iphigeneia.
In this year = “ 22d of Epiphi in the 15th year of Ramessu X I I .,” medical aid requested for the
queen’s sister, a daughter of the chief of Bakhtan — (Birch, and Mariette 98).
Chiron residing on mount Pelion, — where in the following year he was visited by Jason and his
companions on the Argonautic expedition (Apollon. Rhod. i. 554, and Orph. 375).
Hypericum lanuginosum of the mountains of Greece. The “ hëirônôs rizan” or “ panakës”
discovered on mount Pelion by Chiron, — further de.scribed by Nicander ther. 500 as having “ amara-
k ô ë s sa ” marjoram-like foliage and golden flowers, by Theophrastus ix. 11. i as having leaves like
those of “ lapathó ” but larger and more liairy, applied externally and the small root (see Pliny xxv.
13) taken in wine against poisonous reptiles, by Dioscorides as growing chiefly on mount Pelion and
having a slender acrid root, maybe compared: H. lanuginosum is termed “ h. montis Olympi foliis
circa margines hirsutis ” by Tournefort inst. 255 ; and was observed by Sibthorp in Greece, probably
on mount zVthos (J. E. Smith).
Tamils cominimis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain Mack bryony
from its dark glossy leaves (Prior), in Italy “ smilace liscia ” or “ tamaro ” or “ vite nera” (Lenz), in
Greece “ vruon” or “ ta vrua ” (Fraas), in which we recognize the “ vruônia mëlaina ” or “ ampë’lôs
mëlaina ” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ hëirônëiôn ampëlôn,” discovered by Chiron — according
to Pliny .xxv. 16; also the “ bryoniam” proper or “ chironiam” or “ vitis nigra ” whose “ aspar-
agos ” young shoots from their medicinal properties are preferred for food to “ veris asparagis ” by
Diodes (Plin. xxiii. 17): the “ ampëlôs mëlaina” is described by Dioscorides as ascending trees and
having leaves approximating those of “ smilakos,” the young shoots eaten : the entangling of the
urus hy its horns in “ tanis ” vines, is mentioned by Epiphanius phys. 3 : T. communis was observed
by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in woods and liedges from Crete and the Peloponnesus
to Cyprus, and on the last-named island the young shoots cooked and eaten. Westward, the “ ampëlos
mëlaina” or “ vôukraniôn” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ priathela” or “ pëgrina” of the
Dacians, “ laôuôthën ” of the Numidians, and “ ôvlaraênia” or “ vatanouta” or “ vëtisalka ” of the
Romans ; “ taminia u v a ” are prescribed by Celsus, and besides medicinal uses are according to Pliny
sometimes worn as an amulet ; the “ vitis nigra ” is also identified by Pliny with the “ gynaecanthen ”
or “ aproniam:” T. communis is termed “ tamnus racemosa flore minore luteo-pallescente ” by
Tournefort inst. 103 ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe, but in Britain
is regarded by Bromfield as possibly e.xotic and only naturalized (Pers., A. Dec., and Lenz).
■ Tamns Crética of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece by the same names with
the preceding (Fraas), and possibly the plant discovered by Chiron : — the “ vruônian ” or “ vriiônitha”
is prescribed by Apollodorus ther. against freckles and cutaneous affections ; the “ vruônis ” is mentioned
also by Nicander ther. 858 ; the “ ampëlôu agrias ” is enumerated as a drug by Theophrastus
ix. 14. i ; is identified by Cratevas with the “ hëirônëiôn” (schol. Nicand. ther.) ; and is described
by Dioscorides as a woody vine, having the flower after the manner of “ trihas vruôthëis,” round
berries red while ripening, the root used against dropsy, and young shoots stored for food : T. Crética
is termed “ tamnus crética trífido fo lio ” by Tournefort cor. 3, and was observed by Sibthorp in the
woods and hedges of Greece, Crete, and Cyprus, not rare and the young shoots eaten. (See Bryonia
dioica, and Clematis vitalba).
1113 B. C. ( = 1071 -j- “ 42 y e a r s ” of Clint, i. p. 140), the Argonautic expedition led into the
Black Sea by Jason, son of Aeson and father of Euneus. Periclymenus brother of Nestor was one
of the Argonauts (Pind. pyth. iv. 311); and Philammon was the bard of the Expedition — (Pherecyd.
fr. 63, and Apollon. Rhod.), After the return to Greece, the ship Argo was drawn on shore and
left with a dedicatory inscription in the city of Corinth (Dio Chrys. corinth. p. 458, and Aristid.
isthm. i. p. 24).
Salvia horminum of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ sarkôtrôphi,” and
the “ ôrminôn” of the companions of Jason— (argon. Orph. i. 917), Polemon diæt. ii. 14, Theophrastus
viii. 7, Nicander, wild and cultivated according to Dioscorides and its stem quadrangular, is
refen-ed here by writers ; together with the “ phôrviôn ” of Galen fac. simpl. viii. p. 152, “ phôrmiôn ”
of Paulus Aegineta vii. p, 249, and “ zëntôgalën” of Nicolaus Myrepsus iii. 62: S. horminum is
described by Alpinus exot. p. U2, and was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated
ground in Greece. Farther South, the “ ôrminôn ” was known to Athenaeus xi, 56 in Egypt. Westward,
the “ ôrminôn êmërôn ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ ormia” of the Dacians, and
“ gëminalis” of the Romans ; the “ horminum” is mentioned by Pliny xviii. 10 and xxii. 76 as cultivated
in I ta + and his account seems in part taken from Dioscorides; S. horminum is described by
Matthioli, Dodoens, and Lobel pl. 555; is termed “ h. coma purpuro-violacca et coma rubra” by
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
Touiiiefort mst. U S ; and is known to occur in both Northern and Southern Italy (Pers., and Lenz),
was da I n T " / ” N Tournefort inst, 178, is regarded as probably not distinct ;
fo ! Mon on and Bory, in cultivated ground from Constantinople to Caria and
foe I eloponnesus, and is known to occur in Italy and around Tunis (Desf. atlant. pl. i, and Pers )
T rp . .? Mediterranean countries. A grass called in Britain hare's-tail (Priori, in
cut for h e T ' h T “ ■•ënnavôutamô,” in which we recognize foe “ vöutömon”
‘M ë ir Ï is ” h 7 " “ “ P i t o n s of J a s o n - (T h e o c r . xiii. 35), having according to Democritus
d e s X d d o I TF ’ of subterranean water ; 7 7 Theophrastus t. 10. 5 as,.having keeled leaves : L. ovatus was observed by Forskal
fobthorp, and Chaubard, from the Dardanelles to the Peloponnesus abounding on lulls near the sea
Delito 7 Farther South, was observed by Forskal ancl
m J Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, is described bv Morison viii. pl. 4 ; is
to med ^amen spicatum tomentosum longissimis aristis donatum ” by Tournefort inst. 517- was
observed by Forskml on Malta; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Per’s.).
stem’’7 r / l t o T of Asia. Having a “ tali rush-like 0 em and called in B n tam fow e r in g rush (Prior), in France “ jonc fleuri” (Fée), in Italy “ biodo”
or giunco florido (Lenz), in Greece “ psath e ” (Fraas), and the “ v ô u t ô m ô n described bv
t « n / 7 l J “ “ “’" / J !" water is referred here by writers: B, uinbellatus was observed by Sibdescribed
hv 7 ’ 7 Ü I 0toams from Constantinople throughout Greece. Westward, is
roseo ” bv T o u r / I ' J ’ f^+hin ; is termed “ juncus cyperoides floridus ” by Lobel, “ b. flore
. . D "■ '•*'>’ “ " “ 's '’ “ ' “ »
Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ kuklamitha” 0 ibth.), m which we recognize the “ kuklamis” of the Argonautic expedition - (Orph. 916) or the
kuklaminos identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the “ trimphalitis ” of Zoroaster and “ a.spliö ” of
Osthanes, prescribed m i Morb. mul. 682, mentioned also by Theophrastus ix. 10, Nicander ther.
! tn is w7 as having the eaves spotted on both sides, again identified in the added Synof
o r l o l l * fi ■A/Jheron,” and according to Pliny xxv. 69, and Oppian h. iv. 658 the root employed
for poisoning fish : C I ersicum was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the mountains of Greece
miJ frequent around Athens, the root employed for driving cuttle-fish from their hiding places ■ is
known to grow also on Cyprus (Pers.). ^ peaces , is
tioned h v 7 7 " P- top’ = “ 32d year of Perseus ” menrionpd
by Apo lodorus chron. in Clem. Alex, strom. i. p. 322, see Clint, i. p. 76), a date to all appearroce
marking the end of the reign of Perseus. He was succeeded as Argive king by his four sons
3« Electryon (Herodor., see also Palaephatus, Apollod., and Strab!
“ In foe reign of Laius ” (Herodot. v. 59), war o'- Amphitryon son of Alcaeus against the Tele-
boae : connected (according to Hesiod in Schol. Apollon, i, 747) with the death of Electryon The
inscriptmn on Amphitryon’s commemorative tripod, seen and copied by Herodotus, is described by
him as in the ^ Cadmean lettersj ” differing very little from those used among the lonians.
Lemna minor of Temperate Climates. Called in Britain duck-weed or duck-meat, by Galfridns
pi. pm. ende-mete (Prior), in an Anglo-Saxon glossary “ dok mete ” (Harl. 3388, and Cockayne)
in ta y lente pfoustre (Lenty, in Greece “ psaröpbaki ” (Fraas) : and the aqua'tic / a n t “ / n ”/ o L
lected according to an ode of the time of T ch ao -K o u n g -(C h i-K in g i. 2. 4), is described by Tchou-hi
as a dimmutree roolless herb floating upon stagnant water, and called “ piao ” by foe inhabitants East
/'I®’’ 7 ^- 7 was observed by Thunberg in Japan ; is known to grow also throughë
! tëIm lL N 7 "™ ? ,“ 7 (Bieb., Kunth, and Wats.). Farther West, the “ phakos Ô
ëpi tclmatön is descnbed by Dioscorides as growing moss-like on stagnant water, resembling lentils
and a refngermrng application; is prescribed by Paulus Aegineta; is identified in Syn. Diosc
with the 'p ^ k o s agnos or “ ëpiptërôn,” and with the “ vipëralis ” or “ ikëôsmigthônôs ” of the
Romans ; and the account of the “ palustris lens ” by Pliny xxii. 70 seems taken from Dioscorides •
a Lemna called blesemman was observed by Forskal among the mountains of Yemen ; L. minor
is known to grow in Abyssinia (Fresen.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on sta<z-
nant water foroiighout Greece ; by Desfontaines, and Munby, in Barbary; and is known to grolv
thioughout Europe as far as the border of Lapland (Fries), also on the Canary Islands, Madeira, and
7 , (Leman^ Wats and A. Dec.). Beyond the Atlantic, has been observed by myself from
43 New Lngland ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Chapman, as far as “ Florida ; ” by Short in
Kenlimky ; by Drummond, at Fort Cumberland in 54°; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by Humboldt
mid Bonpland, on the mountains of New Grenada (Kunth); by Gay, in Chili; by J. D. Hooker in
/ o l d 7 " 1 ’ 1 and Australia; probably in some instances transported
through entanglement m the plumage of water-fowl. By Feejeean or possibly Polynesian
'•*k