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be compared with the “ baclnir ” ointment of the Arabs. As prepared by Arab colonists in Spain
and Portugal, the ingredients are enumerated by Jao de Souza vestig. arab.
//lula conyza of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain from its fragrant
root ploughman's spikenard fryar,axidiiocVa'jne)\ in which we recognize the “ nardum rusticum ”
identified by Pliny xxi. l6 with the “ bacchar quoque radicis tantum odoratae ” of which ointment
was made by the ancients — according to Aristophanes : tlie “ vakharis ” of Nat. mul. p. 535 to 549,
Vict. acut, Lucian lexiph. p. 187, and Athenaeus xv. 41 is defined by Erotian voc. Hipp. as a plant
as well as kind of ointment, and the plant is described by Dioscorides as a fragrant coronary herb
with wlntish and purple flowers and a cinnamon-scented root : I. conyza was observed by Sibthorp
in the environs of Constantinople. Westward, the “ bacchare” plant worn in garlands according to
Virgil for protection against evil speaking, is referred here by Anguillara, and Gerarde p. 647 ; I.
conyza is described also by Tragus, and Matthioli ; is termed “ c. major vulgaris ” by Tournefort inst.
454, “ conyza squarrosa ” by Linnæus ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as
Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 622, Engl. bot. pl. 1 195, Pers., and Spreng.).
The same year {= 661 y. iooJ| d. + “ 37 years ” of ten lunations, Sm. b. d.), Romulus succeeded
by Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome. — The tomb of Numa in the Janiculum is mentioned by
Pompeius Festus (Paul. Diac.).
Lathyrus sativus of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain chickling
vetch, m France “ g e s s e ” (Nugent) or “ pois quarrées ” (Forsk), in Germany “ platterbse”
(Grieb), in Italy “ cicerchia” (Lenz), in Greece “ agriôlathôuri ” (Sibth.) or “ lathouri” (Fraas), in
Egypt “ gilb an ” (Del.) ; in which we recognize the “ lathurbn,” one of the legumes among the
Romans prohibited to persons leading a chaste life — (Plut. qu. rom. 95) : the “ cicércula” is mentioned
by Columella ii. 10. 19, by Pliny xviii. 32 to xxii. 72 as “ minuti ciceris inaequalis angulosi
veluti pisum,” is also mentioned by Palladius ii. 5 : L. sativus is termed “ 1. s. flore fructuque albo ”
by Tournefort inst. 395 ; was observed by Forskal under cultivation near Marseilles ; is known to
occur cultivated and springing up spontaneously in Italy, Algeria, Spain, ancl as far as Switzerland
(Pers., Boiss., and A . Dec.). Eastward, the “ lathuros ” is mentioned by Anaxandrides, Alexis, by
Theophrastus viii. 3 as having a compressed stem resting on the ground : and the “ djilban,” by Ebn
Djoldjol, and Ebn Baitar: L. sativus was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in mountainous cultivated
ground in the Peloponnesus and on Parnassus ; by Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in
Upper Egypt and the seeds given to cattle ; is known to occur both cultivated and seemingly wild
about Caucasus and in the province of Talusch (Ledeb., and C. A. Meyer). Farther East, has Bengalee
but no Sanscrit names (Pidd., and A. Dec.) ; is called “ lang ” in Guzerat, where it was observed
by Law “ commonly cultivated ” and “ very pretty when in flower ” (Graham).
Lathyrus cícera of the Mediterranean countries, and as far as Caucasus. Called in France
“ gesse chiche ” (Fée), in Germany “ grosse platterbse ” (Fraas) ; and probably included in the prohibited
“ lathurón ; ” — the “ c ice ra ” is mentioned by Columella ii. 10 as employed for feeding cattle ;
the “ columbinum ” kind “ quod alii venerium vocant candidum rotundum leve,” by Pliny xviii 32 to
xxii. 72 : L. cicera is described by Dodoens pempt. 523 ; is termed “ 1. sativus flore purpureo ” by
Tournefort inst. 395 ; and is known to occur cultivated and springing up spontaneously from Trieste
and Northern Italy to Algeria and Spain (Pers., Boiss., A. Dec., and Lenz). Eastward, was observed
by Sibthorp, Dænzer, and Griesebach, from the Peloponnesus to Thrace and Asia Minor; and is
known to grow seemingly wild about Caucasus (Ledeb., and C. A. Meyer). By Columbus, “ vitches ”
were carried to the West Indies (F. Columb. 53), but at the present day their cultivation seems
unknown in America.
“ 692 B. C.” ( = 688 + “ 4 y e a r s ” of the Astronom. can., and Clint.), Regibalus succeeded by
Mesesimordachus, as king of Babylon. The same date ( = 604 “ 20 -f- 21 -(- 21 -j- 8 + 18 years ")
is given by Alexander Polyhistor for the accession of the Assyrian king Senecherimus.
“ The same y e a r ” (Euseb., and Chnt.), accession of Eryxias, seventh Decennial archon at
Athens.
“ 691 B. C .” (Euseb., and Clint.), the art of welding together silver and iron discovered by Glaucus
of Chios, a celebrated statuary in metal. A specimen of his workmanship, “ a silver bowl having
an iron base,” — was sent nearly a century later by the Lydian king Alyattes to Delphi (Herodot. . .) ;
and its “ iron base, chased with figures of animals, insects, and plants ” remained extant in the days
of Pausanias x. 16, and of Athenaeus v. p. 210.
“ 690 B. C .” (Euseb., and Clint, see also Philosteph., and Athen. vii. p. 297), in Pamphylia on
the Southern coast of Asia Minor, the city of Phaselis founded by Greek colonists under Lacius.
“ Not earlier than this y e a r ” (. . . . Clint.), the Second musical school at Sparta founded by Tha-
letas of Crete.
The same year = “ 26th year of Taharka ; ” the latest date in his reign found on the monuments
(Leps. k. tab. p. 21).
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Not earlier therefore than this date (the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving 339 + “ 6 +
1 4 4- 6 4 - 20 4- 21 y. 4 mo. -J- 6 -f- 120 y. 4 mo. 4^ + 25 + ^7 + ^ + 45 + + I 4- 7 4 . 12 years ” — 690 y. 8 mo.), end of the reign of Tarakos or Taharka. In the
I lL l l -M 'a n e t h . table, he is succeeded by the Ethiopian Amm«is
r— — » queen Amuniritis occurs on contemporaneous monuments (Leps k. pl.
ressor of Taharka is called Urdamani in the Assyrian annals, — and Rutamen by Birch hist 178.
A roffin dated I h e reign of queen Amuniritis, - and now in the British museum, is descnbeU
^ ^ Z t i 'i lo tu s officinalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of J e ^ W 'f io w e r « au0 a M
and !d 34 as “ ivin“ out its lasting odour when dried ; by Dioscorides, as produce^of the best qual-
and ocl. 34 as ^iv » nmnnd Carthage : the “ yellow-flowered melilot” is also mentioned
bv Avicenna (Lobel hist p 501): M. officinalis/vas observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent 111
tn Fcrvnt and dried “ melilothus ” was observed there in drug-shops b> Eorskal. Westward,
NmebloNs ” “ rowing everywhere “ recens nec candicans ” herbaceous and not hoary et ^ 0 0 9 / 0
■ -ir ” -«rrlistino-uished bv Pliny xxi. 37 ; the “ melilotus” of Palladius xi. 14.8 may also be
L m l e d - M officinalis is described by Matthioli p. 809; is termed “ melilolus officinarum germa-
ffim ’Nbv Tournefort inst 407 ; and is known to occur in Italy and throughout middle Europe as iar
as Denmark (fl Dan. pl. 934, and Pers.), in Britain regarded by Watson and .others as a naturalized
e x o l B lm o p L n ! o lo f f i t t s ,w a s carried to Northeast America, where it continues in cultivated
a Z B o l T Z I our midffie and Southern States (A. Gray, and Chapm) ; 0 0 to Southeast
Austrffiia where it has become naturalized, even in the Interior (Corder, and A. Dec.). Hs odour
in herbaria according to Sprengel has continued perceptible more than an age : and the decoction
tirrnrdino- to Lindley is sometimes used medicinally.
t e l i l l s alba li middle Asia. The white-Jlowered melilot, by S O 0 writers 0 0 0 0 - 0 « -
tinct - was already in Italy in the days of Pliny x.xi. 37, who enumerates foe cand da as 0 mo0
J ’ 1 • I f u mAiilnf-ns; • ” M ilba IS termed “ m. officinarum germaniae flore albo by Tourne
is distinguished by Avicenna (Lobel hist. p. 501) : M. alba was observed by F o r sk « a « Sibthorp
from The slalonic ! to Smyrna ; by Wight, Law, and Graham, “ in pasture grounds m the envmons
of Bombay and other parts of Hindustan. By European colonists, was e a r n « to Northeast 0 ienca,
where it continues in fallow ground and in open situations near the sea to 0®® Z T o Z t
“ 688 B. C .” ( = 680 + “ 8 years ” of the Astronom. can., and Clmt.) at Babylon, ena
„ ¡ g . of Y , + ~ Z + ' 7S9 - - 3t - 6 - «o , r . » of ,1, . A f,.-M o ..lh , t.ble), . c c . l o n of S ti-
p l , ! £ £ or S t ip W o S L i l« ,d of th . T w .n ty -s la l. dyn.My. T o .p l,ahto. «..on oo .d by
Diodorus i 45. 2, Tehnatis by Plutarch is. and os. 8 ; and according to " P"Py+s, Tafnekht
made himself master of Lower Egypt, as far as Heracleopolis (sme Birch). The nrore oi
king Kasto or T-h-k occurs on contemporaneous monuments, and according to Lepsius he
„larrfed Aroiniritis. ^
E m p i l - Deio'ces befog formally established ruler, and his dominions extend.ng as far West as foe
" ' ’' " I L L l o f E f o f o r o a " built for foe new seat of government by Defoces._ Who also was accuss
i r 0 o b ab ly Six years
later) revolt of the Messenians against the Spartans, commencing foe Second Messenian w a r .-
The 0 5 ®0 0 0 ® 1 “ - 0®;/®®-; 3 ,,,,e d e d by Argaeus, fifth king of Macedonia.
“ 683 B C ” (foe seven Decennial archons occupying “ 69 years ” according to Clinton), a change
at Athens in the form of government; Eryxias succeeded by Creon, the first Annual archon.
“ 681 B St yea"r of Li-wang I I., of the T ch e o u ” or Fifth d y n a s t y - ( a i in e s e chron. table).
In fois year ( = 688 J “ 7 yrs ” of both Maneth. tables = 664 + “ 15 yrs dodecarch.
+ -> yrs anarch.” of Diodorus . . .), StSphinates succeeded by N5h5ps6s, secrod kmg
of foe Twenty-sixth dynasty. N « h a v in is mentioned by Alexis autarch. (Athem .x.
p 4tS) : the name of king Ankhepi or Pankhi occurs on contemporaneous monuments,
— and is placed next after queen Amuniritis by Lepsius k. pl. 4 According
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