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644 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
Simple and regent of France, lie was succeeded by count Odo. The Charlemagne dominions now
forming five kingdoms, France, Burgundy, Germany, Italy, and . . . .
Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Suchi reigning in Hindustan.
“ The same year” (ann. Jap. and art de verif.), Kooko succeeded by his third son Uda or Ouda,
now fifty-ninth dairo of Japan. In whose reign, the princess Isse distinguished herself for her knowledge,
and composed a book which continues to be highly esteemed in Japan.
“ 889 A. D. = Moung-ki,’ ist year of Tchao-tsoung, of the T h ang” or Fifteenth dynasty — (Chinese
chron. table).
“ In or about 890 A. D .” (Blair), a “ Body of Laws ” composed by king Alfred of England.
“ 891 A. D .” (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Stejihanus VI. succeeded by Formosiis, forty-seventh archbishop.
“ 892 A. D .” (art de verif.), Motamed succeeded by Motadhed, sixteenth Abbassid khalif.
894 A. D , the Arab botanist Abu Hanifah w riting.— Fie died in the following year ( = “ 2S2 H ej.” of Abulfed., Casiri giving “ 290 ” ).
Ox-alis corniadata of Subtropical Eastern Asia. Called in Yemen “ homadmad ” or “ htemtem-
dah ” or “ liEemda,” in which we recognize the “ hamdhidh ” mentioned as a sour vegetable by Abu
H anifa— (Ebn Bait.) : O. corniculata was observed by Forskal among the mountains of Yemen ; is
known to grow in Abyssinia (A. Rich.) ; and was observed by Forskal, and Delile, occurring as a
weed at Cairo. Farther North, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in shaded situations
in Crete and the Peloponnesus and in cultivated ground around Constantinople and called
“ moshophilo ; ” is known to occur also around Caucasus and in the adjoining portion of Siberia
(Ledeb., and Bieb.). Westward, is described by Ruel ii. 144, Matthioli, and Lobel ; was observed
m 1576 by Clusius pl. 476 in Spain and in a garden at Montpellier; is termed “ oxys lu tea” by
Tournefort inst. 88 ; and is knovvn to occur in waste and cultivated ground in Algeria and throughout
middle Europe as far as Britain (Munby, Wats., Bromf., and A. Dec.). Eastward from Arabia,
has Sanscrit names (Pidd.) ; was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay “ in gardens and
pasture grounds during the rains ; ” by Roxburgh, in other parts of Flindustan ; by Mason, in
Burmah ; by Zoll. p. 14, in Java; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, called there “ sunsjo ” or
“ sasjo,” or usually “ sikambo ” or “ katabami ” or “ simmoguso ; ” and is known to occur on the Loo
Choo Islands (Flook., and Arn.). By European colonists, was carried to Madeira, the Azores, West
Indies, Chili, and Austral Africa (Dec., C. Gay, Wats., and Wight and Arn.).
Melilotus coerulea of Central or Eastern Asia ? The “ dsark elthair ” of Abu Flanifa,— growing
in Irak and identified b^ Ebn Baitar with the “ handakuka ” of the Nabatheans, or the “ handa-
kuka” of Serapion, is referred here by Sontheimer and others : M. coerulea or blue fneliiot is said
to grow in Lybia (P ers.), but according to Ciot-Bey has only recently been introduced into Egypt.
Farther North, was observed by Forskal at Smyrna : and Westward, has been long cultivated in
middle Europe; is described in the Ortus Sanitatis? by Cordus, Gesner, Fuchsius 815, Turner,
Anguillara, Matthioli, Dodoens, and C. Bauhin ; and according to Sprengel, an. oil prepared from it
is used in Belgium and Spain for removing spots on,the face.
Cztrus aclda oi Hindustan. Called in Britain/¿■wz?«, in Egypt and Yemen “ lim ” or “ limun”
(Forsk.), in Hindustanee “ limu ” or “ nibu,” in Bengalee “ lebu ” or “ jamir” or “ jambir” (D ’roz.),
in Sanscrit “ nimbooka ” (R oyle), in which we recognize the “ limun ” Irequent in Arabia according
to Abu Hanifa but only in the cultivated state—'(Ebn Bait., ancl De Sacy), mentioned also by Ehn
Djami, and Ebn Ayas : C. acida in the days of Forskal had become sparingly naturalized in Yemen,
fruit vvas seen there by Barthema in 1503, by myself in market at Mocha, and by Alvarez in 1520 in
A byssinia; C. acida was observecl by Makrizi under cultivation in N ubia; by Abd-allatif, Forskal.
and Delile, in E gypt; by Jacques cleVitry in the “ thirteenth century” in Palestine; is nientioned
by Persian medical writers; was observed by Bory cultivated abundantly on the Greek islands, especially
on N axos; is known also under cultivation throughout the Mediterranean countries. Eastward
from Arabia, the “ jam biru” is mentioned by the Sanscrit writer Susrutas (Flessl.) ; C. acida
seems known under cultivation in Flindustan (Royle, and D ’roz.), and a tree calleci “ biliaree”
observed by Royle apparently wild along the base of the Himalayas may prove its original state.
Farther East, the “ large lime ” is enumerated by Mason v, p. 453 ancl 760 as “ exotic ” in Biirni.ili
ancl in different varieties “ diffused all over tlie country ; ” and C. acida was observed by Loureiro.
p. 568 in Cochinchina. By European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, where it has become
naturalized (Macfad., and A. D ec.) ; to the Taheitian and Samoan groups in the Pacific, verified by
m yself; and to the Feejeean group, its introduction claimed liy Capt. Vanclerford of our Expedition,
in accordance with the absence of a native name (“ m oli” including the shaddock. Hale).
Sajitoiina fragraniissima of the Egyptian and Syrian Desert. Called in Egypt “ keisum gebeli ”
or “ babouneg” or “ ba’yteran,” in which we recognize the “ abitheran ” of Abu Hanifa, — Avicenna,
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A LS A N D P L A N T S. 6 4 5
A. H. Ellahabali, Elkara, and Ebn Baitar: S. fragraniissima was observed by Lippi, Forskal, and
Delile pl. 42, in the Desert from Cairo to Suez, the juice applied in affections of the eyes, and the
dried flovvers also used medicinally, having the odour of chamomile but much more powerful. According
to Lindley, the plant occurs also in Palestine and between Aleppo and Bagdad.
“ Lavandula vera of the W est Mediterranean countries. The'flowers imported from Venice mto
E»ypt and called “ chozame” (Forsk.), in which we recognize' the “ chuzama” of Abu Hanifa,—
EÎzaharawi, Elgafaki, and Ebn Baitar: “ spiritus lavandulæ” is also enumerated by Forskal mat.
med as"well known in Egypt. Northward and Westward, L. vera is called in medieval Latin “ laven-
dnla,” in Italian “ lavandola,” in Dutch and German “ lavendel,” and in English lavender, names
derived from “ being used to scent newly washed linen, or according to Diez, in washing the body ”
(Prior); is known to grow wild in Southern France (Villars, and A. D ec.) and across the Mediterranean’(
Lindl), and is besides cultivated in gardens throughout middle Europe. By European colonists,
was carried prior to 1670 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, where it continues frequent in
gardens. According to Lindley, the flowers are chiefly employed in perfumery, but with the leaves
and oil are sometimes administered medicinally. (See L. spica.)
Rumex nervosus of the mountains of Yemen. A shrubby species called there “ öthrob,” in which
we recognize the “ uthrub” of Abu Hanifa, — Elgafaki, and Ebn Baitar: R. nervosus was observed
liy Forskal p. 76 on the mountains around Fladie. Suoeda monoica of the seashore and inland salines of Egypt and Arabia. A shrub called m
Yemen “ asal” (F orsk.); and the “ asal” of Abu Hanifa, — and Ebn Baitar, may be compared:
S. monoica was observed by Forskal p. 70 at Alexandria, also on the plains inland and along the sea
in Yemen, where “ hotam ” or “ doluk ” (barilla) is obtained from its ashes and used in washing clothes.
S.frvlicosa. observedby Forskal at Djidda, by Delile near Rosetta, by Sibthorp, and Bory, on the
seashore of Greece, and known to grow from Persia to the shores of Spain and Portugal (Brot. 403,
and Pers.), is by some writers regarded as not distinct.
Commelyna communis of Tropical Africa and Asia. Called in Yemen “ djalif ” (Forsk.), in which
we recognize th e “ jalif” of Abii Hanifa, — and Ebn Baitar: C. communis was observed by Eorskal
among the mountains of Yemen: and Westward, is knovvn to grow in Guinea (A. D ec.). Eastward
from Arabia, was observed by Roxburgh, and Graham, in Hindustan ; and by Kaempfer v. pi. 889, m
Japan.
“ 895 A. D .” (A lst), at Rome, Formosus succeeded by Bonifacius V I. ; soon afterwards by
Stephanus V II. ; and before the close of the year, by Theodorus II., fiftieth archbishop.
“ 898 A. D .” (N icol.), in France, the government assumed by Charles III. le Simple.
“ The same year” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Uda succeeded by his eldest son Dai-go, now
sixtieth dairo of Japan.
“ 899 A. D .” (Csomadekeros, and F. Mason ii. 23), the Budhist religion abolished in Thibet.
“ 900 A. D .” (Pauth. 330), in China, the emperor Tchao-tsoung confined to prison limits by the
eunuchs ; who were now numerous, and during a long series of years had acquired official positions
and great political influence.
One hundred and fifty-sixth generation. Jan. ist, 901, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish
writers, Chiwi al Balki, Joseph ben Jacob (abu J.) el Kirkissani el Bassir, Saadja, Salman ben Jeru-
cham, Menahem, Jehudah Ibn Koreish, and Eldad Hadani : the Arab writers, Ebn-al djezzar, Ebn
Wahshiyyeh, Ebn el Batrik, Ishak ebn Honain d. 910 : the Greek writers, Arethas of Cæsarea, Joannes
Cameniates d. 904: the theologians, Marcus ereniita, and Radulphus Flaviacensis r the optician
Vitello.
“ The same year” (A lst.), at Rome, Theodorus II. succeeded by Joannes X., fifty-first archbishop.
“ Oct. 28th ” (Nicol. p. 3SS), Alfred succeeded by Edward, seventh Anglo-Saxon king of England.
Leucanthemum vulqare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Bntam great
daisy or moon daisy or maud.in wort (Prior), in ms. Laud. 553 f. 9 “ bow w ort” or “ bris wort ; ’ in
which we recognize the b P V S e V V y r T e of an Anglo-Saxon leechdom,— referred here by Cockayne
i. 375 : the “ white bothen” is also identified with the “ great daisie ” by Gerarde: L. vulgare is
described by Fuchsius 14S (Spreng.), and Matthioli p. 653 ; is termed “ 1. vulgare” by Tournefort inst.
492 ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia; and is known to grow in woods and cultivated ground in
France and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl 994, Lam. fl. Ir., and Pers ).
Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in mountain pastures on the Greek islands ; but is unknown in
Eastern Asia (Ledeb., and A. D ec.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America,
where it has become naturalized throughout our Northern, Middle, and even in our Southern States
(Chapm.), multiplying in old clearings, and in New England termed whiteweed, in the distance
whitening fields with its flowers.
“ 902 A. D .” (art de verif.), Motadhed succeeded by Moktafi, seventeenth Abbassid khalif.
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