976 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
C l a y t o n i 9. 11. f. i, C r y p t o t a e n ia C a n a d e n s i s 9. 11. f. 8, C h a e r o p h y l l n m p r o c u m b e n s 9. 11. f. ult.,
M e u m i n u n d a t u m 9. 5. f. ult.. N a r c i s s u s a n c e p s 4. 9. 13, and P a s s i j l o r a l u t e a I. 2. 3, H e l i o p s i s l a e v i s
6. 3. f. 69 (Pers.), P o n t e d e r i a c o r d a t a 15. 4. f. 8.
S a x i f r a g a g e u m of the mountains of Ireland and middle Europe. Described by Morison xii.
pl. 9 ,— termed “ geum rotundifolium minus” by Tournefort inst. 251, and known to grow on the
mountains of Ireland (A. Dec.), and middle Europe (Moench, and Pers.) : observed by Lapeyrouse
pi. 14 on the Pyrenees ; by Sibthorp, on mount Parnassus. Has become naturalized near Edinburgh
(Engl. bot. pl. 1561 to 2093, and Bab.), also in Yorkshire and Cumberland (Wats.).
M e s c m b r y a n t h e m u m t e n u i f l o r u m of Austral Africa. Transported to Europe, clescribed by Morison
12. pl. 8, — Bradley 1. 9, ancl Dillenius pl. 201 ; was observecl by Chaubard to all appearance long
naturalized on old walls at Athens. Is said to grow wild in Austral Africa (Chaub., ancl Gittard).
X a n t h i u m s p i n o s u m of Austral America. A thorny kind of b u r -w e e d , transportecl to Europe,
described by Morison xv. pl. 2 ,* — and Magnol hort. 20S; ancl from seeds procured in Portugal
termed “ xanthium lusitanicum” by Tournefort: becoming naturalized, has extended into Algeria,
Sicily, Italy, and Southern France (Boissier, Gusson., Seguier, and Gouan)^ was observed by Gulden-
stadt in 17S7, frequent in Southern Russia; subsequently, by Chaubard, ancl Grisebach, frequent in
the Peloponnesus and on some of the Greek islands. Transported to North America as late perhaps
as 1814 (as may be inferred from Ihe silence of Walter, Michaux, and Pursh), was found by Nuttall
in 1818 near dwellings from Savannah to Washington, and not foreseeing that it would become troublesome,
was introduced by him as he informed me into the environs of Philadelphia; was observed by
myself in [823 in the vicinity of Boston. In the Southern Hemisphere, by European colonists also,
was probably carried across the Andes into Chili (Beechey voy. 57, and A. Dec.) ; for it is known to
be indigenous and abundant in the extensive plains on the La Plata.
L u z u l a n i v e a of Switzerland and the Tyrol. De.scribed by Morison viii. pl. 9, — and Scheuchzer
gram. pl. 7, and known to grow on the mountains of Switzerland and the Tyrol (Pers., and A. Dec.).
In Scotland, planted by a gardener in Bromhall woods (Balfour, and Bab.), but not known to have
extended itself into the surrounding country.
“ 1679 A. D.” (Chaim., and Holmes), arrival in New England of the first collector of customs,
Edward Randolph. He was persistently opposed, the colonists deeming “ their chartered privileges
invaded.” — He returned two years afterwards, but was unable to execute his office.
“ May 26th ” (Macaulay i. 2), the H a b e a s C o r p u s Act signed by king Charles II.
“ Sept. 2d ” (Pauth. 436), at Pekin, a severe e a r t h q u a k e ; throwing down walls and buildings, and
destroying more than “ four hundred thousand” persons.
“ The same y e a r ” (Dampier), the buccaneers, continuing their ravages, and islands along the
North coast of the Isthmus first made a rendezvous. In their vessels, one or more “ Moskito Indians”
were employed ; partly it would seem, from their knowledge of the means of procuring provision.
These Indians are described by Dampier as “ tall, well made, raw boned, long visaged, look ste rn ”
(Malayans ?, see below, Guam), having no form of government, but cultivating in small plantations
“ p l a n t a i n trees ” { M u s a s a p i e n t u m ' ) , “ y a m e s , potatoes ” { B a t a t a s e d u l i s ? ) , “ indian pepper” ( .C a p s i c
u m ) , “ andp i n e - a p p l e s , " of which they make an intoxicating drink.
“ Towards i 58o A. D .” (Kaempf., and art de verif.), Jetznako succeeded by Tsinajos, now emperor
of Japan.
“ 1680 A. D.” (Kaempf v. 13), Cleyer in Japan, in charge of the Dutch there, and meeting with
among plants Z i n g i b e r m i o g a iii. a. 3. 0. 120, L i g u s t r u m J a p o n i c u m iii. a. 2. o. 180, F i c u s i t a b u ii.
a. 10. o. 36. f. 10, B l a d h i a J a p ó n i c a iii. a. 5. 6. 0. 3, B . c r i s p a iii. a. 2. o. 179, C a m p a n u l a g l a u c a iii.
a. 3. o. 119, E u o n y m u s p u n g e n s iii. a. 5. 6. o. 2, C i s s u s J a p ó n i c a ii. a. 7. 0. 71. f. 25, S c i l l a J a p ó n i c a
ii. a. 5. 5. o. 53. f. 39, L i l i u m s p e c i o s u m ii, a. 8. o. 191. f. 54, L . p o m p o n i u m ii. a. 9. o. 76. f. 20, O r o n t
i u m J a p o n i c u m ii, a. 9. o. 75. f. 18, H o u t l u y n i a c o r d a t a ii. a. 8. o. 189. f. 51. 52, A l i s m a c o r d i f o l i a ii.
a. 6. o. 53. f. 40, E u r y a J a p ó n i c a ii. a. 8. o, 192. f. 56, A p a c t i s J a p ó n i c a ii. a. 7. 0. 70. f. 23, F u m a r i a
r a c e m o s a iii. a. 3. o. 120, C i n e r a r i a J a p ó n i c a ii. a. 9. o, 76, E p i d e n d r u m e n s i f o H u m iii, a. 10. o. 38,
A r u m r i n g e n s ii. a. 9. o. 75, R a j a n i a q u í n a l a ii. a. 7. 0. 71, and M e i t c n s i a d i c h o t o m a ii. a. 7. o. 73.
f. 30. — He returned shortly afterwards (Spreng.),
V in c a { C a t h a r a n i h u s ) r o s e a of Madagascar. Observed by Cleyer ii. a. 7. o. 72, f. 27 in Japan —
(Spreng.) ; by Thunberg, growing in and around Nagasaki, and cultivated besides in vases, but no
native name given; in the Philippines, formerly cultivated by the natives, continuing known to many
of them, and called in Tagalo “ cantotan” (Blanco); known to grow also in Java (Pers.) : ancl in Bur-
* B r o m u s r a c e i n o s u s of middle Europe. Resembling B. secalinus but the panicle upright:
described by Morison 8 pl. 7 f. 19; — observed by Smith fl. i. 128 in Britain ; and known to grow in
woods and pasture-land in France. By European colonists carried to Northeast America, has been
observed by A. Gray in “ grain-fields, not ra re ;” by myself, beyond the limits of cultivated ground in
the environs of Philadelphia, naturalized.
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 9 7 7
mah, enumerated by Mason v. p. 432 as “ exotic,” called “ them-bau-raa-hnyo-ban,” and cultivated for
ornament both by natives and Europeans. Westward, devoid of a Sanscrit name (Pidd.), and
observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, and Graham, only in the cultivated state, “ common in gardens”
and “ in flower all the year ; ” and in Ceylon, only recently becoming naturalized (Moon, and Gardn.):
called in Madagascar “ tsi-felan-felan ” (Boj,), but no specimens from that island seen by A. Decandolle.
By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it has become naturalized
(Boj.) ; to Austral Africa (A. Dec.) ; to one locality in Guinea (flor. Nigr.) ; to the West Indies,
where it is not mentioned by the early writers, but now occurs even in the neiglibouring portion of
Florida and “ in the streets of Apalachicola ” (Chapm.), and throughout Tropical America from Realejo
in Western Mexico (Benth. bot. Sulph.) to Rio Janeiro. Transported to Europe, is described by
Miller pl. 186, and Linnæus ; has become frequent in greenhouses ; and was observed by Ciot-Bey m
the gardens of Egypt.
“ March 7 th ” (Charlev., Holmes, and voy. Belg.), leaving the mouth of the Illinois river, Father
Plennepin with others proceeded up the Mississippi. At the “ forty s ix th ” degree of North Latitude,
he was stopped by falls, named by him “ Falls of St. Anthony.”
“ March l 5th ” (Chaim., Belknap, and Holmes), Edward Randolph having arrived, bringing a
commission separating New Hampshire from Massachusetts; the new government inaugurated at
Portsmouth, by the meeting of the first assembly.
“ Nov. 3 d ” (Blair), the g r e a t c o m e t : — a o a t i - a m a g in sight until “ March 9th.” From observations
thereon, Isaac Newton was enabled to demonstrate, The regular revolution o f comets around the
sun (Holmes).
“ In this year ” (append. Sibth.), Morison publishing the second volume of his Hist, plant.,
enumerating * P o t e n t i l l a h i r s u t a ii. 2. 20. 2, P e n t s t e r n o n l a e v i g a t u s ii. 5. 8. 6, S i s y m b r i u m P y r e n a i c u m
ii. 3. 7. I, L a v a t e r a m i c a n s ii. 5. 17. 9, L . C r e t i c a ii. 5. 17. 5, O n o n i s m i t i s s im a ii. 2. 17. 4, S c o r p i u r u s
m u r i c a t a ii. 2. 11, f. iv, M e d i c a g o e l e g a n s ii. 2. 1 3 . 4 , M . m u r i c a t a ii. 2. 15. f. i l , M . G e r a r d i ii. 2. 15.
f. 18, M . t e r e b e l l u m ii. 2. 15. f. 20, A r c h e m o r a r i g i d a ii. 7. f. i (Pers. i. p. 316), Y u c c a f i l a m e n t o s a ii.
p. 419, L u p i n u s p e r e n n i s ii. 2. 7. f. 6. /
H y p e r i c u m c a l y c i n u m of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A low shrub
described by Morison ii. 5. 3 5 !. 2, — termed “ h. ascyrum” by Miller (Steud.), and received from
Greece (Jacq. fragm. pl. 6, and Pers.) ; observed by Sibthorp in shaded situations near Constantinople.
Seemingly naturalized at some points in Scotland (Bab.), Ireland, and on the Isle of Wight,
but does not ripen seed (Wats., Bromf., ahd A. Dec.).
M e d i c a g o i n t e r t e x t a of the .Mediterranean countries. An annual called in Egypt “ nafal ” (Del.);
described by Morison 2. pl. 15. f. 7. 8. 9, — and known to grow in Barbary and Southern Europe
(Pers.) : observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; by Delile, around Rosetta in Egypt. By European
colonists, was carried to Northeast America (A. Dec.).
M e d i c a g o n i g r a ofth e West Mediterranean countries. An annual described by Morison 2. pl.
15. f. 19, — and known to grow in Southern France (Willd., and Pers.). By European colonists was
carried to Northeast America (A, Dec.).
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng., and Winckl.), Breyn publishing his Prodrom., enumeratingf
t r i s t i s 7. £. I, G . a n g u s t u s 7. f. 2, G . L a m a r c k i i 12. £. i, A n t h o l y z a r i n g e n s 8. t, A . p l i c a t a 9. 2,
W a c h e n d o r f i a p a n i c u l a t a 9. I, R h y n c h o s p o r a a u r e a 23, D r o s e r a c i s t i f l o r a 22. 2, C i 'a s s u l a c o c c i n e a 20.
I, L a c h e n a l i a o r c l i i o i d e s 11. 3, E u p h o r b i a c a p i i t -M e d u s a e 19, C a p p a r i s B r e y n i i 13, M o n s o n i a s p e c i o s a
2 \ . 2, S p i l a n t h u s i n s i p i d u s 24, E u p a t o r i u m d i v a r i c a t u m 17. 2, P t e r o n i a b p p o s i i i f o l i a 17. 3, G n a p h a l
i u m s e r r a t u m 18. 2, G . d i v a r i c a t u m 18. 3, H e l i c h r y s u m p r o l i f e r u m 17. i, H . im b r i c a t u m 18. i, H .
v i r q a t u m 16. 3, C i n e r a r i a s o n c h i f o l i a 2 \ . i, and C a l e n d u l a h y b r id a 14. 2 :— the second part “ in
1689,” died “ in 1697,” and a new edition of the whole was published by his son Jo. Philipp Breyn
“ in 1734.”
“ 1680 and 1681” (Churchill coll.). Captain Sharp returning from the Pacific and unable “ to
recover the strait of Magellan,” continued South as far as “ sixty degrees,” meeting with many ice-
* T r i f o l i u m m e d i u m of Europe. The “ t. pratense purpureum vulgare ” of Morison ii. p. 138. n.
5 — (Afzel. linn. soc. lond. i. 237) may be compared : T. medium is described by Linnæus. By European
colonists was larried to Northeast America, observed by myself springing up spontaneously
around Salem, much resembling T. pratense but the heads of flowers I think smaller : “ T. Pennsylvanicum
” of Willdenow, and Pursh, may be compared (see Dec. proclr.).
t A g a p a n t h u s u i n b e l l a t u s of Austral Africa. Transported to Europe, described_ by Breyn prodr.
pl ,Q (Spreng.), Miller pl. 210, and Linnæus. By European colonists also, carried to Northeast
America, where it has become frequent in greenhouses ; recently to Hindustan, and called A f r i c a n
b l u e l i l y ’(Graham). In its wild state, known to grow in Austral Africa (Thunb. prod. 60, and Pers.).
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