f / l ! I l f i r è 0’í
■1 i : 7 ili
r r ó - ;« ? '
■ >
; '0 .." '■'fIfr.'. ■ ;: ;.:.'í"iUü;.í|
;+m1 , 'f
l \ l m ro:li '+'0 ' ‘■5 ;..: Mi
'J:J
í i
■,> { V *'’7 +;■'
.. i
%
rÍ!«S
5 lí
ro/
'+1?
About this time (see Alst ), the Irish converted to Christianitj' by Patricius.
“ 435 A. D .” (Prosp., and Clint.), the Burgundians under Gundicar, defeated by Aetius.
Aghastier or Agastya, translator of Sanscrit medical writings into Tamil (the language of Southern
Hindustan) as early possibly as this date. — He is mentioned in the Ramayana (Wils., and
Royle antiq. hind. med. p. 48).
“ 436 A. D .” (Prosp., and Clint.), Narbo in Gaul besieged by the Goths: who were in other
directions exceeding their limits.
“ The same year” (Elphinst. iii. 3), in Hindustan, end of the reign of Pulimat or Pulomarchisli,
and of the Andra dynasty.
“ 437 A. D .” (Prosp., and Clint.), in North Africa, bishops maintaining the “ catholicam fidem”
persecuted by Genseric king of the Vandals ; who sided with the Arians.
“ 438 A. D .” (Clint.), the Theodosian codex of laws published; having been accepted in Rome
by the Senate.
“ 439 A. D .” (Prosp., and Clint ), Carthage captured by Genseric king of the Vandals.
Daiisca cannabina of the mountains of Asia Minor and Crete. The XUnriENiON of Zosimus
— is referred here by Stapel 721: D. cannabina is termed “ cannabina cretica florifera etiam fructífera”
by Tournefort cor. 52 ; and was observed by Sibthorp pl. 960 on mount Sipylus in Phrygia.
Farther South, the imported seeds are enumerated by Forskal mat. med., and Deliie, as used in Egypt
for an emetic and called “ djabal hendi.”
“ 440 A. D .” (Prosp., and Clint.), invasion of Sicily by Genseric. Death of X istu s; and after
some days, Leo Magnus ordained “ forty-third bishop” of Rome. Many writings of Leo Magnus
are extant.
“ The same year” (Agath., and Clint.), Vararam V.' succeeded by Yesdejerd II., fourteenth
Sasanid king of Persia.
“ 441 A. D .” (Marcellin., and Clint.), irruption of the Huns into Illyricum.
“ 443 A. D .” (Idat., aud Clint.), mission of the poet Merobaucles into Spain.
“ In or about 445 A. D .” (Percev. i. 236), the Coraysh under Cossay, having obtained the charge
of the Caba or temple at Mecca, building dwellings around i t : the founding of the city of Mecca.
“ 446 A. D .” (Gildas, and Clint.), letter to Aetius from the people of Britain, complaining of the
Piets and Scots : “ repellunt nos barbari ad mare, repellit nos mare ad barbaros : inter haec oriuntur
duo genera funerum, aut jugulamur aut mergimur,” the barbarians drive us to the sea, the sea drives
us back on the barbarians, and we have two kinds of funerals, we either have our throats cut, or are
drowned. Aetius warring against Attila was unable to extend aid.
“ 447 A. D .” (Beda, Clint., see also Blair), invited by king Vortigern, the “ gens Anglorum sive
Saxonum ” in “ three long sh ip s” first come into Britain. — Instead of aiding, they turned against
their employers (Gildas hist. 23).
On the “ ninth of the calends of January ” (Idat., and Clint.), eclipse o f the sun.
“ 44S A. D .” (Prise,, and Clint.), plot of Theodosius II. to assassinate A ttila.— To whom Maximinus
and the historian Priscus were afterwards sent as ambassadors.
“ 449, O ctober” (Clint, iv. p. 675), Flavianus bishop of Constantinople deposed, and Succeeded by
Anatolius.
Manuscripts of the “ Fourth or F ifth ” century (D e Wailly pl. ii. 2) presenting the following
forms of the letters, h, p. The form p also in Coptic inscriptions of the “ F ifth ” century (Silvest.
i. pl. 4).
“ 450, July ” (Marcellin., and Clint.), Theodosius II. succeeded by Marcian, third Byzantine
emperor.
“ 451 A. D .” (Neumann transl. Elis.), Yesdejerd II. attempting to force fire-'worsliip or the
Magian religion throughout his dominions, opposed by the Armenians, a Christian nation. “ June
2d,” the Armenians finally defeated on the river Dekhmund, and their leader Vartan slain. The
account is given by Elisaeus, a cotemporary historian, eye-witness of many of the events he relates.
In the Armenian language “ b u n ” signifies ground or nature, and is therefore the equivalent of
the Chinese “ p u n ” signifying basis or nature (Neum. note 33 p. 6).
“ Fourteenth of the calends of July” (Idat., and Clint.), a beginning to appear: was in
the W est on the “ calends of August.”
“ After Sept, 27th” (Idat., Isidor., and Clint.), Attila defeated at Chalons by the Romans under
Aetius aided by the Goths. The Gothic king Theodores or Theodoric, slain in the battle, succeeded
by his son Thorismus or Torisraond.
“ In autumn” (Marcellin., and Clint.), Fourth general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at
Chalcedon ; consisting of “ six hundred and thirty ” bishops ; and attended “ Oct, 25th” by the emperor
Marcian. Jerusalem was declared a patriarchate (Kitt, bibl. cycl.), and the opinions of Eutyches
were condemned: a measure equivalent to excommunication of Egypt, where these opinions were
general, — and where they prevail among the Chrjstian population to the present day. About a
century after the condemnation, the proscribed Sect received the name of “ Jacobites ” (from Jacobus
of Edessa, pronounced Yacobus); and hence apparently the term “ Copts,” employed by Europeans
but unknown in Egypt. The authority of this Council continues to be recognized by the Greek
church (E . A. Soph.).
Pulmonaria offi.cinalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An herb called in Britain
lungwort, in medieval Latin “ pulmonaria,” and from its spotted leaves supposed to be a remedy
for diseased lungs (Prior) : possibly the p u L m O N 2 .r l2 .o f the Italians, notwithstanding the statement
of V egetius: — P. officinalis is clescribed by Ruel ii. 116 to 145; is termed “ p. italorum ad
buglossum accedens ” by Tournefort inst. 136; is known to grow in woods in middle Europe (P ers.);
but in Britain is regarded by Borrer, and Watson, as perhaps exotic and only naturalized. Eastward,
was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cool shaded situations in the Peloponnesus and other
parts of Greece. (See Helleborus foetidus.)
“ 452 A. D .” (Jornand., and Clint.), Venetia and the country North of the Po ravaged by Attila.
Who on the Mincius was met by Leo bishop of Rome, and persuaded to retire to his own country
beyond the Danube. The founding of Venice is referred here by some writers, the location affording
protection against ravages by land (Blair).
“ The same year ” (Idat., and Clint.), Torismond succeeded as king of the Goths, by his brother
Theodoric II,
“ The same year ” (cod. Justin., and Clint.), Proterius ordained bishop of Alexandria.
“ 453 A. D.” (Cassiod., and Clint.), death of Attila. Followed by wars for the succession among
his sons.
“ 454 A. D. = ‘ hiao-kien,’ 1st year of Hiao-wou-ti II.,o f the Northern Soung” or Tenth dynasty
(Chinese chron. table).
“ In this year” (ann. Jap., transl. T its.), In-kio succeeded by his son An-ko, now twenty-first
dairo of Japan.
“ The same year” (Blair), a Saxon kingdom established in South Britain.
Cardiospermum helicacabum of Subtropical Nortli America. The balloon-vine or heart-pca is
called in Tagalo “ bangcoton” (Blanco), in Burmah “ malamai ” (Mason), has a Sanscrit name
(Pidd.), is called in Bengalee “ shibjool” or “ nuphutkee,” in Telinga “ budda-kanka-rakoo ” or
“ nellagoolisienda,” in Tamil “ moodacottan, in Malabar “ palloolavum ulinja” (Drnr.), in Yemen
“ hadk” or “ dharu tesuted ” (F orsk.); has a native name in Dongola (Caill.) ; and the Q N a K a p A o U
of the antidote of Theodoretus — (Theoph. Nonn, 35), also mentioned by Aetius (Royle antiq. hind.),
Paulus Aegineta, Nicolaus Praepositus, and Nicolaus Myrepsus, may be compared : C. helicacabum
is described by Valerius Cordus, Tragus, Fuchsius, and Matthioli, continues under cultivation in
gardens, and in Southern .Spain springing up spontaneously in cultivated ground (Boissier, and A.
D ec.) ; was observed by Delile in gardens at Cairo ; by Cailliaud, in Dongola ; by Grant, in Equatorial
Africa, “ common, 7° S. to 2° N., leaves are made into spinage by the W ahiyou; ” is known as
far as Guinea and Cape Verd (Benth. fl, nigr.); was observed by myself seemingly wild on Zanzibar ;
by Forskal, in moist places near the base of the mountains of Yemen ; by Graham, in the environs of
Bombay, “ common in hedges etc. during the rains,” but appeared to me only naturalized ; by Rheede
viii. pi. 28, in Malabar, rubbed up witli water and applied in rheumatism and stiffness of the limbs ;
by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, “ common everywhere ” in Plindustan, and used for various
medicinal purposes. Eastward, by Mason v., “ exotic” in Burmah, “ raised in great quantities by
the natives, but more as a vegetable than a medecine ; ” by Blanco, on the Philippines, employed by
the natives medicinally; by Rumphius vi. pl. 24, on the Moluccas, its leaves cooked as a vegetable;
by myself, occurring a weed on tlie p'eejeean, Tongan, Samoan, Taheitian, and Hawaiian Islands.
Farther East, by E. James, “ native” on the Canadian branch of the Arkansas and on the Missouri
(Torr.) ; was received by Pursh from “ Kaskaskias ” (below the mouth of the Missouri); was observed
by Chapman in “ South Florida, apparently native, and not uncommon in cultivation by Maycock,
on Barbadoes. By European colonists, -was carried to our Middle and Northern Atlantic States,
where it continues in gardens ; ancl to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.).
“ 455, March l6th ” (Prosp., and Clint.), Valentinian III. slain; succeeded by Maximus as
Western emperor. At the end of about two months, Maximus was slain, and by invitation of the
widow of Valentinian III., the Vandals under Genseric entered and pillaged Rome. Through the
intercession of the Roman bishop Leo, Genseric was afterwards persuaded to retire.
“ The same year ” (Clint.), end of the chronicle of Prosper Aquitanus. Chiefly a continuation
of that of Hieronymus.
Plardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, and Bentl.), Vichitra reigning in Hindustan.
“ 45 6” (Idat., and Clint,), by Marcian, Avitus acknowledged Western emperor: and a poem
Ji ?'•■iii