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678 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
Argania sideroxylon of Morocco. The “ arjan ” of Ebn Redwhan, — or “ arjan of West Africa”
of Ebn Baitar, is*i eferred here by Sontheinrer and others ; A. sideroxylon was observed by Schousboe
p. 89, a small tree frequent in woods in Southern Barbary between the rivers Tansif and Suz,
and an oil-like olive oil obtained from the nuts (Pers.). From transported specimens, described by
Commelyn hort. i. pl. 83.
“ 1056 A. D.” (Alst.), Theodora succeeded by Michael VI. Strato, forty-sixth Byzantine emperor.
“ The same year” (Alst.), Henricus III. succeeded by his son Henricus IV., seventh emperor
of Germany and Italy.
“ The same year” (Talvi i.), date of the manuscript Evangelium of Ostromir, posadnic or mayor
of Novogorod ; the earliest example known of Slavonic writing. Except that writings of about the
same age occur in the Glagolitic character. — The next oldest Slavonic manuscripts are : one written
“ seventeen,” and another “ twenty” years later.
“ The same year” (Pouchet), Greenland and Vinland (and of course North America) included in
a Bull from pope Victor II.
“ 1057 A. D.” (Alst., and Nicoh), Victor II. succeeded by Stephanus X., eighty-ninth archbishop
of Rome.
“ The same year” (Alst.), Michael VI. succeeded by Isaacus Comnena, forty-seventh Byzantine
emperor.
“ The same year ” (Nicoh), Macbeth succeeded by Malcolm III., as king of Scotland.
“ 105S A. D. (= 450 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Farokzad succeeded by his brother Ibrahim, a
religious devotee, and now sultan of Ghazni. He yielded to the Seljuks all their demands, — and
had a long and peaceful reign.
“ Dec. 28th ” (Alst., and Nicol), a synod at Sienna ; and through the influence of the emperor
Henricus IV., Nicolaus II. elected ninetieth archbishop.
“ Í060 A. D.” (Alst. p. 372), Petrus Damiani bishop of Ostia, writing against the abuses and
corrupt condition of the church.
“ 1061 A. D.” (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Nicolaus II. succeeded by Anselm da Baggio of
Milan; now Alexander II., ninety-first archbishop.
“ The same year” (Alst.), Isaacus Comnena succeeded by Constantinus XI. Ducas, forty-eighth
Byzantine emperor.
“ In or about 1062 A. D.” (= 1091 — “ supposed 30 years reign,” G. de la Vega, and addit. art
de verif.), Manco Capac succeeded by his son Sinchi-Roca, now second Inca of Peru. Who continued
his father’s laws and peaceful policy ; * — and by these influences, added twenty leagues to his
dominions on the Soutli.
“ 1063 A. D.” (Lubke and Lutrow), after a plan furnished by Rainaldus, the building of the
church at Pisa commenced.
“ In this year ” (Grey transl. Angiolello 97), foundation of the city of Tifiis on the river Kur. —
It is the present capital of Russian Trans-Caucasia.
“ 1064 A. D. = ‘ tchi-ping,’ 1st year of Yng-tsoung, of the Soung” or twenty-first dynasty
(Chinese chron. table).
“ 1065 A. D.” (Marcel), while engaged in expelling the Muslims from Southern Italy, count Roger
* Tropwolnm tuberosum of Peru. From early times cultivated on the Peruvian Andes for its
tuberous roots (Humb. iv. g) : observed by Ruiz and Pavon pl. 314; by myself, planted in small
patche.s in company with the preceding.
Basella tuberosa of Peru. A fourth tuber cultivated from early times on the Peruvian Andes ; —
observed by Plumboldt ancl Bonpland; by myself, with the otliers planted in small patches just below
the Paramera or cold pastoral region.
Monina polystachia of the Peruvian Andes. A downy Polygaloid shrub growing in the cool
region and called in Peruvian “ yallhoy masca ” (Lindl.), and from early times the bark of its root used
as a substitute for soap, —and ibr cleansing and polishing wrought silver ; preferred also to quassia
as a remedy in dysentery and irritating diarrhcea (Ruiz and Pav. 171).
Monina salicifolia of the Peruvian Andes. An allied species growing in the middle mountain-
region of the Western slope, and possessing the same properties (Ruiz and Pav. 172, ancl Lindl.).
Calceolaria irifda of Peru. Suffruticose, called in Peruvian “ tumpu ” (Lincll.), and known
from early times, —regarded as antiseptic, tonic, and febrifugal; observecl by Ruiz and Pavon I pl-
26 in the middle mountain-region, in shaded situations near water (Pers.).
Calceolaria cuneiforniis of the Western slope of the Peruvian Andes. Its chewed leaves showing
a yellow dye : — observed by Ruiz and Pavon pl. 27 near Canta and Tarma in the middle mountain
region (Pers.).
m
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 679
of Normandy hearing of civil war among the Muslim population of Sicily, crossed over ancl obtained
the government. — Coins issued by the Norman kings of Sicily, and bearing bi-lingual inscriptions,
Latin and Arabic, are figured in Marcel p. 120.
Serapion at this time w r i t i n g .He died “ after 1068.”
Geranium columbinum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain dove's
foot (Prior), and probably the “ pede columbino ” supposed by Serapion to be identical with the
“ amomum” —(G. robertianum ; see J. Jacobi de Manliis) : G. columbinum is termed “ g. c. dissectis
foliis pediculis florum longissimis ” by Tournefort inst. 268 ; and is known to grow throughout middle
Europe as far as Denmark (Cav. iv. pl. 82, Vaill. paris. pl. 15, fi. Dan. pl. 1222, and Pers.). Eastward,
was observed by Sibthorp, and Cljaubard, in the Peloponnesus. By European colomsts, was
carried to Chili, observed by Molina employed medicinally and calleci “ corecore,” by myself, seemingly
wild throughout from the coast to the Andes, subscandent with small purple flowers.
Centaurea (Amberbod) fnoschaia of middle Asia. Called in the environs of Bombay “ shah
pusund” sweet sultan (Graham), in Egypt “ ambar” (Forsk.) or “ a’nbar ” (Del.) ; and the “ moschata”
of Serapion — (Trag. i. 24) may be compared : C. moschata was observed by Forskal p. liii,
and- Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, fragrant and coronary ; by Graham, “ in gardens ” at Bombay,
flowering “ chiefly duiing the cold season ; ” by Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan. Transported to
Europe, is described by Morison vii. pl. 25.
Rumex aipinus of the mountains of middle and Southern Europe as far as the Crimea and Caucasus.
Called in Britain monks rhubarb (Lindl.), in Germany “münch rhabarbarum,” and described
by Serapion — according to Fuchsius 460; R. alpinus was mistaken by the commentators on Mesue
for a rhubarb, and hence according to Parkinson the European names, but a different reason is
assigned by Tabernæmontanus 824 (Prior) ; is termed “ lapathum foliis amplis” by Clusius hist. ii.
69, “ 1. folio rotundo alpinum ” by Tournefort inst. 504 ; is known to grow w'ild on the Pyrenees and
the mountains of Switzerland and North Germany (Koch, and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Sibthorp
on mountains from the Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus ; is known to grow also in the
Crimea and on Caucasus (Lincll.) ; was formerly cultivated in Britain and its root used medicinally,
and has recently been found springing up spontaneously in seven different localities (Wats ) ; in
Switzerland also, occasionally-occurs around dwellings (A. Dec.). The root according to Lindley is
“ purgative like rhubarb, only in a much less degree.”
Cakile maritima of the seashore of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. An annual called
in Britain sea-rocket (Prior), in Egypt “ rechad el bahr ” or “ figl el-gemel ” (Del.), and described by
Serapion — (Gaertner, and Steud.) : the “ genus erucæ ” of Caesalpinus viii. 63 growing in maritime
sands, having thick fleshy leaves, and short angular pods used against renal calculus, clearly corresponds
: C. maritima was observed by Forskal, and Delile, on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt ;
by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the seashore of Greece and the Greek islands ; by Scopoli, along the
Adriatic (Steud.) ; is termed “ c. maritima” by Tournefort cor. 49 ; and is known to grow along the
Atlantic as far as Denmark and Lapland (fl. Dan. pi. 1168, and Wats.). Westward, was observed by
Hooker on Iceland ; by Baldwin, on Bermuda ; by myself, on our Atlantic seashore from 45° to 39° ;
by Pursh, as far as Virginia ; by Eliot, and Chapman, as far as South Carolina ; by Humboldt, on
Cuba; and by Nuttall, on the shores of the Lakes of the St. Lawrence.
“ The same year” (Nicol.), in a synod in London, full immunity granted to the Abbey of Westminster
by Edward III.
Delphinium consolida of middle Asia. Called in Biitain larkspur, in Germany “ feld-rittcr-
sporn,” in Italy “ consolida regale” or “ speronelle salvadeghe ” or “ fior capuccio selvatico” (Lenz),
and figured in manuscript V of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Diosc. 160 — (according to Harley and Cockayne)
; D. consolida is described by Gesner hort. f. 265 (Spreng.); is termed “ d. segetum flore
cæruleo” by Tournefort inst. 426; and is known to occur as a weed in cultivated ground in Italy and
throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (Ray, fl. Dan. pl. 683, and Lam. fi. fr.). Eastward,
was observed by Forskal at the Dardanelles ; but occurring in wilder situations towards Caucasus
(Griseb., and Bieb.), is regarded by A. Decandolle as probably derived originally from that quarter.
By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a garden flower, and
in Virginia and Carolina is becoming naturalized (A. Gray, and Chapm.) ; to the Mauritius Islands,
observed in gardens by Bojer. “ A tincture of the seed” has “ been recommended in asthma,” and
“ the leaves and stalks are said to enter into the composition of some cosmetics” found according to
Burnett to be destructive to the skin (Lindl.).
“ 1066, Jan. 5th” (Blair, and Nicol.), death of Edward I II., after naming Harold II. son of the
earl of Kent, as his successor.
“ Oct. 14th” (Blair, and Nicol.), Harold II. defeated and slain in battle at Hastings by invading
Normans : their leader William becoming twenty-first king of England and the head of a new
dynasty. That the country was conquered, — appears from the freedom granted by a synod some
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