2 5 2 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
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“ S14, July or August ” ( . . . . Clint.), at the time of the Panathenaia Magna, Hipparchus son of
Pisistratus and ruler of Athens slain by conspirators. , c- •
“ 513 B. C .” (Euseb., and C lin t), Fourteenth change in naval dominion. Leaving the Samians,
the “ Empire ” over the Eastern waters of the Mediterranean acquired by the Spartans. — Held by
them “ two ” years. . , . , , ,
“ 5 1 1 B. C .” (Diodor., and Clint i. p. 1 7 4 ) . * Southern Italy, the city of Sybans destroyed by
the inhabitants of Crotona, led by Milo the wrestler.
“ The same yea r ” ( = S'3 — “ 2 years ” of Diodorus in Euseb.), Fifteenth change in naval dominion.
Leaving the Spartans, the “ Empire” over the Eastern waters of the Mediterranean acquired
by the Naxian Greeks.
“ Nov. 14.” On the “ first day of the Twelfth month in the 9th year of Khmg-wang (Khoungtseu,
Gaubil, and Pauth. loS), eclipse o f the sun. ^
“ 510 B. C .,” and in the reign of Amyntas, ninth king of Macedonia (Herodot., Dexipp, Euseb.,
and Clint.), the dynasty of the Pisistratida: expelled from Athens.
“ 509 Feb. 24th ” (Blair), Tarquinius Superbus and family e.xpelled from Rome, and government
by Consuls instituted. Shortly afterwards, the Romans subdued by Porsena lars or king of the
Etruscans; a sceptre, golden crown, ivory throne, and triumphal robe, sent him by the senate, and
the Romans prohibited by treaty from using iron for any other purpose but agriculture (Virg. aen.
viii 646, Tacit, iii. 72, Dionys. v. 34, and Plin. xxxiv. 39)-- T h e Etruscan domination lasted only
about three years, and was checked at Aricia by the united forces of Latium and the Greeks of Cumae
(Liv. ii. IS, and Dionys. vii. 5). To the Etruscan period are assigned by universal tradition the great
architectural works in Rome of the Cloaca Maxima and the Capitol (Sm. geogr. diet.).
“ The same y e a r ” (Sm. b. d., and C. Mull, geogr. min i. 20), first treaty between the Romans
and Carthaginians. . , t, ,
“ 508 B. C .” About this time (VVesseling, and Clint, ii. p. 3 79 ), Darius crossing the Danube on
his Scythian expedition. During “ more than .si.xty days ” that he continued North of the river, he
appears to have reached central Europe. . . r i ty ■
The Paeonians of Lake Prasias, near the border of Macedonia, escaped the dominion of the Persians
in consequence of having their village on piles or posts at a distance from the shore, communicating
only by a narrow bridge (agreeing therefore with the lake-villages of ancient Switzerland). Within
the village, polygamy was in vogue ; voung children were tied by the foot to prevent their falling
overboard; and in the absence of hay, horses and beasts of burden were fed on fish (Herodot. v. 16,
and Troyon p. 206). — In Norway and along the colder portion of the European coast, according to
Thorm. Torffaeus, cattle are fed on fish : I have seen a,horse eat raw fresh-water fish here in New
England.
“ 507 B. C .” ( . . . . Sm. b. d.), P. Valerius Poplicola and M. Ploratius Pulvillus consuls at
Rome, and dedication by the latter of the temple on the Capitol.
“ 506 B. C .” ( . . . . Sm. b. d.), after the return of Darius, Megabazus was left in charge
of the countries West of the Bosphorus, and a saying of his in praise of the site of Byzantium has
been preserved (Herodot. iv. 144). Pie sent to Amyntas the Macedonian king a demand for earth
and water in token of submission ; in complying a difficulty arose in which the Persian envoys were
slain, and Megabazus was pacified by receiving in marriage Gygaea daughter of Amyntas.
The conquests of Darius extending to or including a portion of Hindustan; at least, a satrap or
local governor was appointed (Herodot.). ^ , n •
Zoroaster, according to the Zend Avesta, lived in the reign of Vitaqpa (Gushtap of the Persians
or Darius Hytaspis) : and Zoroaster of Proconnesus (according to Pliny xxx. 2) “ paulo ante ” a
little before — Osthanes and the invasion of Greece by Xerxes.
Lactuca virosa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A species of wild lettuce called in
Italy “ lattu“ a selvatica” or “ lattuga velenosa” or “ scariola” (Lenz), in the environs of Constantinople
“ galatzitha” (Forsk.), in Egypt “ libbeyn” (D e l) , in Egyptian “ iobonsos ” (Apiilei. 3O i *
Ulmus integrifolia of districts more or less mountainous in Hindustan and Burmah. The Indian
elm is called in Telinga “ nauhe ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ woula ” or “ keul ” or “ papura ”
(Graham); and from early times one of the trees selected to keep straw and unthrashed grain in the
forks of the branches, out of the way of cattle : U. integrifolia was observed by Law in the Southern
Mahratta country, by Auld in the Kandesh jungles, by Nimmo, and Graham, in the environs of Bombay,
the leaves “ deciduous in October” and the wood used for “ the same purposes as that o f ” the
E n / ish elm, for “ carts, door frames, etc. ; ” was observed by Buchanan on the ghauts near A r c o t ;
by Roxburgh cor. i pl. 78, 011 the Circar mountains (P e r s .) ; is known to grow on the foot of the
Himalaya (Drur.); and was observed by McClelland in the Prome district of Burmah (see U. alter-
nifolia).
.which we recognize the “ laktouka sulvéstris” of the Romans identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ aima
titanou” of the prophets, <tEPOYMBPOE of Zoroaster, — and “ agria thrithax” described by
Dioscorides as bitter to the taste, with juice having similar properties and sometimes mixed with that
of the poppy: L. virosa was observed by Sestini near Constantinople (Sibth.) ; by Forskal p. 215, at
the Dardanelles and near Alexandria in E g yp t; and by Delile, near Cairo. Westward, “ lactucae
atrae ” abounding in milk “ meconis vocatur a copia lactis soporiferi ” is mentioned by Pliny xix. 38
as the only kind known to the ancient Italians, and hence the name “ lactucae : ” L. virosa is described
by Lobel, and Dalechamp p. 528 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ 1. sylvestris odore v iroso” by Tournefort
inst. 473 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow along walls and hedges
as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 1957, and Pers.). Its inspissated “ m ilk y ju ice ” according to Lindley
“ has been used as a substitute for opium.” (See L. scariola).
Lactuca coriacea of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ agria maroulia”
(Fraas) ; and possibly the “ phSroumvros ” of Zoroaster : — the thrithakine agria ” growing according
to Theophrastus vii. 2. 8 to 6. 2 in cultivated ground, lower and more branchy than garden lettuce,
leaves shorter and at length becoming prickly, and its acrid juice collected and used medicinally,
termed “ lahanon agrión” a wild esculent by Galen alim. fac. ii. 40, is referred here by Fraas:
L. coriacea, described by Schultz bip., was observed by Fraas frequent in low cultivated ground in
Attica and the Peloponnesus.
CitruUus colocynihis of the African and Arabian Desert, and as far as Hindustan. The colocynth
is called in Egypt and Yemen “ hamdal,” or sometimes in Yemen “ d ahak” (Forsk.), in Nubia
“ horky ” (Del.) ; and the “ kólókunthis ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the @YM BPH of Zoroaster,
— and “ autógénés” of Osthanes; the “ kolokunthis ” or “ kólókinthis ” is prescribed in i Morb.
mul. 108, is mentioned also by Aristotle probl. xx. 14, Rufus Ephesius, Galen, Marcellus, and the plant
is dislinclly described by Dioscorides. Westward, the “ kolokunthis ” or “ sikuan pikran ” is further
identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ toutastra ” of the Dacians, and “ kóurkóurvita silvatika ” of the
Romans ; the “ colocynthis ” is mentioned by Pliny xx. 8, but in these countries as well as in Greece
seems to have been known only from the imported fruit. Farther South, the “ kólókuntha aléxan-
thrine ” is mentioned in Syn. Diosc. ; the “ hantsai,” by Ebn Baitar : C. colocynthis is mentioned by
Mesue, and other Arab writers (F. Adams); was observed by Forskal in the environs of Cairo,
growing in the Desert, by Delile in Upper Egypt, and by Forskal in Yemen ; is known to grow as
far even as Austral Africa (Pers.), where the seeds according to Drury “ constitute an important
article of food.” Eastward, is called in the environs of Bombay “ indrayan ” (Graham), in Bengalee
“ makhal,” in Telinga “ putsa-kaya,” in Tamil “ paycoomuti” or “ varriecoomuttie ” (Drury); was
observed by Gibson “ in great abundance on the sea shores of Guzerat,” by Graham “ on the plains
of the De ccan ” and “ common in Salsette jungles,” and according to Vaupell “ there Js a sweet
variety which is edible and cultivated” (probably the same seen by m p e lf wild on the Deccan, with
deeply-lobulated leaves, and globular variegated fruit which in the unripe state was not bitter).
CitruUus pseudo-colocynthis of the plains of Northern Hindustan. Given as a distinct species,
— but called “ indrayun” or “ bislooinbha ; ” the fruit “ oblong,” marked “ with eight broad stripes,”
its “ flesh very bitter ” and substituted “ for the true colocynth ” (Royle ill. pl. 47. f. 2, and Lindl.).
Verbena supina of Central Asia ? Perhaps the species called in Arabic at Lahore “ ikmubaran ”
(Honigb. 419, and J. F. Wats, index). The “ péristéréóna uption ” of Zoroaster — (geopon. xv. i),
the Hippocratic steril. 13, Nicander ther. 860, Dioscorides, Galen, Aetius viii. 15, and Paulus A e g ineta,
is referred here by Sprengel: the “ peristereona” was celebrated among the Magians (Plin.
, .4 1 • 1 ^_A__ _ __ I n ... ... i'XT' o rí r\\T Ck c
mentioned by Maserjawia, and Ebn Baitar : V. supina was observed by Sibthorp near Smyrna and
elsewhere in Asia Minor, in depressed situations subject to inundation; by Forskal, Delile, and
myself, in Lower Egypt. Westward, is described by Dodoens p. 150, and Lobel . . . ; is termed “ v.
tenuifolia” by Tournefort inst. 200 ; and is known to occur in Spain (Pers. ; see V. officinalis, and
Prasium majus).
Bonibax {Salmalia) Malabaricum of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The redfowered cotton-
tree is called in the environs of Bombay “ saur ” (Graham) ; and the “ pembeh ” of the Zend Avesta
— is according to Ritter 9 a tree bearing cotton : wool-bearing trees were seen by Androsthenes on
Tyle, their leaves like those of the vine, and fruit as large as quinces containing wool of which clotli
is woven (Theophr. iv. 7. 7, and Plin. xii. 21) : S. Malabarica was observed by Rheede iii. pl. 52 in
Malabar ; by Law, and Graham, in the environs of Bombay, “ a very large tree,” its “ leaves digitate,
deciduous in the ” cool season and succeeded by large red flowers very conspicuous in the forest, as
witnessed by myself on the Ghaut ; was observed by Gibson as far a.s Guzerat; by Roxburgh cor. iii.
pl. 247 in other parts of Hindustan, and is termed by him “ b. heptaphyllum.” Farther East, was
r