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100, — and Aristotle probl. 20.34: spitting thrice upon persons in danger of being bewitched is
mentioned by Theocritus vi. 39, and to the present day, according to E. A. Sophocles gloss., is
practised by the Greeks
The MATNHTI i : AI 9 0 S magnetic ore of iron or the natural magnet, mentioned by Plato ion.
533, — Eubulus (Athen. iii.), and others.
Astragalus poterium of the Mediterranean countries. The NEYPA string of v ep tab le fibre
in Plato polit. 279 seems to imply knowledge of the “ nSuratha” of the lonian s; — identified in Syn.
Diosc. with the “ pbterion ” of Dioscorides, a large spiny bush covered with woolly down and having ,
long soft thong-like branches “ tragakanthe ’’-like, small roundish leaves, “ ngurbthSis ” roots two or
three cubits long yielding when cut a gummy exudation, and referred here by writers : the “ poterion ”
is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ phrunion” or “ akithbton: ” A. poterium was observed
by Tournefort trav. i. p. 61 in Greece, its down collected for kindling. Westward, the account by
Pliny xxv. 76 and xxvii. 97 of the “ poterion ” or “ phrynion,” an antidote to “ ranis venena rubetis
maxime,” seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides ; A. poterium is described by Matthioli comm. p. 498,
and Clusius hist. i. p. 108 (Spreng.) ; and is known to grow in Spain and Portugal (Morisonii.pl. 13,
Lam., and Pers.).
In this year ( = “ 01. 96. 2, Diophantus being Athenian archon,” Paus. viii. 45. 4), at Tegea in
Arcadia, the temple to Minerva in the Doric style of architecture destroyed by fire. The temple was
rebuilt by Scopas, after the Corinthian order invented by Callimachus.
Acanthus mollis of the West Mediterranean countries. The “ acanthus ” said to have suggested
to Callimachus the idea of the Corinthian column— (Vitruv. iv. i. 10), is referred here by writers : a
cup with the “ ugrbs akanthbs ” sculptured around is mentioned by Theocritus i. 55 ; the “ akantha”
(read “ acanthos ” by Pliny) growing according to Dioscorides in gardens and stony and moist places,
its leaves smooth and incised like those of “ Suzbmou,” and flower white, is identified in the added
Synonyms with the “ brpakantha ” or “ mblamphullon ” or “ paithbrbta ; ” the “ paithbrbs ” was found
by Pausanias ii. 10. 5 growing only within the enclosure of the temple to Venus at Sicyon, the leaves
having the shape of those of the oak and burned with the offerings : A. mollis has not been observed
in Greece by modern travellers ; and according to CIot-Bey and Figari has only recently been introduced
into Egypt. Westward, the “ acanthus” is termed “ molli ” as well as “ fle x i” by Virgil
eci. iii. 45 and geor. iv. 122 ; “ tortus ” by Columella x. 243 ;• the “ laeve ” kind according to Pliny
xxii. 34 is by some called “ paederota ” or melamphyllum : ” the “ acanthus ” is mentioned also by the
younger Pliny ep. v. 6 : A. mollis is termed “ a. sativus vel mollis ” by Tournefort inst. 176, “ a. niger ”
by Miller ; was observed by Sibthorp on Sicily; is known to grow also in Italy, the neighbouring
portion of France, and in Spain (Pers., and Colm. recuerd. p. 18). Farther North, is cultivated for
ornament; and introduced at some remote period, has become naturalized on the Scilly Islets and in
the neighbouring portion of Cornwall (Wats., and A. Dec.). The leaves according to Lindley are
“ emollient ” and “ used for poultices.”
Acanthus spinosus of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ moutrina ” or
“ tzbulathitza” (Sibth.); and possibly the “ acanthus” seen by Callimachus: — the “ akauthou”
enumerated by Theophrastus vi. i. 3 as prickly-leaved, and the “ akanthbs althebis ” of Nicander
ther. 645, are referred here by the scholiast; the “ agria akantha” of Dioscorides iii. 17 may also
belong here : A. spinosus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from Crete and
the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the “ agria akantha ” is identified in Syn.
Diosc. with the “ spina agrbstis ” of the Romans, but the account by Pliny xxii. 34 of the “ aculeatum
et crispum ” kind of “ acanthos ” seems taken from Dioscorides : A. spinosus is termed “ a. aculeatus ”
by Tournefort inst. 176 ; was observed by Hogg on Sicily ; is known to grow also in Italy (Sabb.
hort. iii, pl. 14, and Pers.),
“ 394 B. C.” (Blair, and Clint.), naval combat at Cnidus ; the Spartans defeated by the Athenians
and their allies, the forces of Pharnabazus and of Evagoras of Cyprus, all under the command of
Conon. By a Twentieth change, the “ Empire” over the Eastern waters of the Mediterranean now
leaving the Spartans. A few days later,
“ August 14th,” eclipse o f the sun. And after a few days, the Athenian army and allies defeated
at Coronea by the Spartans under Agesilaus II.
“ The same y e a r ” (Gesen. mon. Phoen. p. 10), date of a Cilico-Phmnician coin bearing the
earliest Phcenician inscription k n ow n :— even after including Punic inscriptions. The Hebrew
inscriptions on the Maccabee coins present many of the same forms of letters.
“ 392 B. C .” (Diod. xiv. 90 to 96, and Sm. b. d.), in Sicily, Mago with a Carthaginian army
compelled by Dionysius by cutting off supplies to conclude a treaty of peace.
“ In this year ” (Jap. centen. comm. 45), accession of Koan, sixth dairo of Japan. — Fie “ reigned
during not less than one hundred and two years ” (must therefore have been proclaimed in infancy).
“ 391 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), military tribunes holding the place of consuls, Camillus banished from
Rome. Etruria invaded by the Gauls, who besiege the city of Clusium.
“ 390 B. C .” (Polyb., Diodor., and Grenfel), Rome captured by the Gauls under Brennus ; who
remained some months, and on leaving, compelled the citizens to pay a ransom. Camillus was
then recalled from exile and appointed dictator. — This capture of Rome is mentioned by Aristotle
(Plut. Camill. 22.)
“ 389 B. C.” (Sm. b. d.), military tribunes holding the place of consuls, alliance with Rome
renounced by the surrounding people of Latium. Victories over them gained by the dictator
Camillus.
The same year ( = 402— “ 13 years ” of both Maneth. tables), in Egypt, Ahbris succeeded
by Psammouthis, third king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty. “ One ” year only is assigned to the
reign of Psammouthis in the Maneth. tables. His name has not as yet been found on the
monuments.
388 B. C. ( = 389— “ I y e a r ” of both Maneth. tables), Psammouthis succeeded by Nëphëritës IL,
fourth king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty. Whose name has not as yet been found on the monuments.
A t the end of “ four months ” (both Maneth. tables), he was succeeded by Nëktanëvës, head of
the Thirtieth or Sebennyte dynasty. The hieroglyphic ovals of king Nehtharheb were observed by
Gliddon at Assouan ; occur also inthe Oasis El-Kargeh, at Karnak and on the neighbouring temple
of Khons, and on moveable articles (now in the museums of Europe. Glid. analect.).
“ The same year ” (Suid., and Sm. b. d.), at Athens, the comedy entitled Pasiphae exhibited by
Alcaeus.
“ 387 B. C .” (Xenoph,, Blair, and Clint..), treaty of peace of the Spartan general Antalcidas ; by
which the Greek cities in Asia Minor were rendered tributary to the Persians. Evagoras king of
Cyprus was excepted from the provisions of the treaty.
Hardly later than this date, oration of Isocrates pac. 32. containing the following words on the
possession of naval power by Sparta; “ The Empire o f the sea has displayed its effects there in even
a shorter period than at Athens : it has shaken and nearly overthrown the institutions which had
stood the assault of seven centuries ; it has taught individuals injustice, idleness, and the love of
money; and has inspired the public with disdain for their allies, with ambition of conquest, and
contempt of oaths and treaties ” (pac. 32).
Apollodorus of Cumae, the earliest grammarian, a follower “ assectator ” of Democritus — (Plin.
vii. 37 and xxiv. T02, and Clem. Alex, strom. i. p. 309).
Mimosa ettaa of the mountains of Tropical Arabia. A tree called there “ schadjaret e tta a ”
(Forsk.) ; and the “ herbam aeschynomenen ” of Apollodorus, contracting its leaves on the approach
of the hand — (Plin. xxiv. 102), may be compared: a spiny, shrub at Memphis with feather-like
leaves that fall together on being touched, and after a while revive, is mentioned by Theophrastus
iv. 2. II, and the account is repeated by Pliny xiii. 19: M. ettaa was observed by Forskal p. xcv
frequent on the mountains around Abu arisch, lowering its branches to a person coming underneath
as though saluting, and therefore venerated and held sacred. Eastward, appears to have been
carried to Hindustan, for a tree three cubits high bearing no fruit and called “ modesty” from
shrinking when approached, was seen there in the province of “ Pudifetania” by Nicolo Conti ; and
a yellow-flowered sensitive plant was seen in Malabar by Garcias.
Sedum telephium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain livelong or
liblong or midsummer men, by old herbalists “ fat hen ” (Prior), in France “ grassette ” (Nugent), in
Germany “ fette-henne,” in Italy “ fava grassa ” (Lenz) ; in which we recognize the “ anacampseroten ”
when touched according to Airollodorus “ redirent amores vel cum odio deposit! ” — (Plin. xxiv. 102),
and mentioned by Plutarch fac. orb. lun. 25 as growing and sprouting long after removal from the
ground ; also the “ tëlëphilbn ” leaf of Theocritus iii. 29, and Pollux ix. 8, regarded by lovers as a
good omen if it makes a loud crack, a belief alluded to by Horace satyr, iii. 2. 271 : S. telephium was
observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople. Westward, is termed “ anacampseros sive
faba crassa” by Tournefort inst. 264 ; was observed by Lenz not rare in Italy ; and is known to grow
in stony bushy places throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 686, Pers., and
Lindl.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it is sometimes called
Aaron's red and seems naturalized in rocky situations, though as yet chiefly confined to roadsides
and the vicinity of dwellings. The plant is sold in the Italian drug-shops (Lenz), and according to
Lindley is “ refrigerant ancl slightly astringent.”
“ 385 B. C.” (Diodor., and Clint.), great naval combat between the Persians and Evagoras of
Cyprus.
“ The same y e a r ” (Diodor. xv. 13, Strab. vi. p. 241, Plin. iii. 18, and C. Mull, geogr. min. i.
p. 24), the city of Ancona in Italy founded by Dionysius of Syracuse ; now establishing colonies on
the shores, and claiming the sovereignty of the Adriatic.
“ 384 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls, M. Manlius
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