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2 8 8 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
Interior to thatch native dwellings; by Blanco, extending itself over the Philippines and called in
Tagalo and Bisaya “ cogon,” in Camarines “ cogon cogon,” in Pampango “ ilib ” or “ b a lili;” .is described
also by Rumphius amboin. vi. pl. 7 ; was observed by myself throughout the Malayan archipelago,
white-spiked and springing up spontaneously, and in clearings from the Feejeean as far as the
Samoan Islands.
“ 421 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, N. Fabius Vibulanus and T . Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus
consuls, the number of quaestors increased from two to four.
“ 420 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes having consular power holding the plqce
o f consuls. Farther South, the Greek city of Cumae (on the bay of Naples) captured by the Campanians,
people of the country around.
“ 418 B. C.” (Sm. b. d.), the Athenians defeated in battle at Mantineia, Argos now joining in
alliance with Sparta. Perdiccas II. having also joined in alliance, hostilities were renewed between
him and the Athenians.
Campanula versicolor 0Î the East Mediterranean countries. A species of bell-flower called in
Greece “ haritzia ” (S ib th .) ; in which we recognize the XAPISION growing along the Eurotas in
the spring, and suspended by women on the neck to increase the affection of the men, according to
Cleanthes mont, i, — Sosthenes of Cnidus, and Hermogenes (Plut. fluv. 17.4) : the “ hariën ” of
Mill. morb. log, may also be compared: C. versicolor was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
from the Peloponnesus to Thessalonica : and from transported specimens, is described by Andrews
repos, pl. 396.
“ 417 B. C. = gth year of Wei'-lie-wang ” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-eighth
cycle. At this time, the men of the principality of Thsin wearing their swords on the side attached to
a girdle ; a custom borrowed by the Thsin family from the Tartars : walls were also built as a barrier
against the Thsin, by the princes of Wei and Tchou on their own frontiers (Pauth. 186).
“ 416 B. C .” (Sm. b. d,), unjust expedition against the Melians : who were barbarously punished
by the Athenians through a decree proposed by Alcibiades.
Hardly later than this date (Soran., and Sm. b. d.), the physician Euryphon summoned to the
court of Perdiccas II. in Macedonia. Euryphon was aware of the difference between arteries and
veins, and considered the former as also containing blood — (Aurel. morb. chron. ii. 10). He is mentioned
by the comic poet Plato (Gal. comm, in Hippocr. vii. 44). -
Sisymbrium irio of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain rock gentle or
rock-gallant (Ainsw.), or London rocket from springing up abundantly among the ruins left by the
great fire of 1667 (Ray 297, and Pr ior); and the EPY SIMON: AEIA of 2 Morb. 52, written by
Euryphon — (as appears from an extract in Galen), may be compared : the “ ërusimon ” is de.scribed
by Theophrastus viii. i. 4 to 7. 3 and caus. ii. 12. r as fatty, having very small seeds, and sown
together with “ sësamôn;” and the “ erysimum” of Asia and Greece according to Pliny xviii. 22
differs from the “ irionem” only in being “ pinguius” and is medicinal rather than esculent: S. irio
was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus ; by Delile, growing about Cairo ; and by Forskal
p. 118, among the mountains of Yemen (Steud.). Westward, the “ erysimon” is prescribed by Celsus
: S. irio is termed “ erysimum latifolium majus glabrum ” by Tournefort inst. 228 ; was observed
by Lenz in Italy ; is known to occur along walls and in cultivated ground throughout middle Europe
(Jacq. austr. pl. 322, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.), in Britain appearing in profusion after the removal of
soil near Berwick in 1847 (A. Dec.), occurring also in other localities, but regarded by Watson as
not indigenous. “ S. altissimum caule non hispido” observed by Forskal near Marseilles, edible
and called “ roquettes sauvages,” may also be compared (See S. polyceratium).
Hypericum crispum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ agôuthôura ” or “ skou-
thritza” or “ upërikôn” (S ib th .); in which we recognize the YPEPIKON of Euryphon 2 morb.
52 and 62, — of I Morb. mul. 610, Niger, growing according to Dioscorides præf. and iii. 161 in
rugged places and cultivated ground: H. crispum wa.s observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas,
frequent in waste and cultivated ground throughout Greece and the Greek islands. Westward, the
“ hypericon” is identified in Syn. Diosc. and by Pliny xxvi. 53 and 93 with the “ chamaepytin ” or
“ corion : ” H. crispum is de.scribed by Boccone mus. ii. pl. 12 ; is termed “ h. crispum triquetro et
cuspidafo folio ” by Tournefort inst. 255; and is known to grow in Southern Italy, Sicily, and Barbary
(Des f., Pers., and Lenz).
Saponaria ojflcinalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia., Called in Britain soapwort
or fu lle d s herb (Prior), in France “ saponaire” (Nugent), in Germany “ seifenkraut,” in Italy
“ saponaria” and its root used as soap (Lenz), in Greece “ sapôunôhôrtôn ” or “ kalôstrôuthi ”
(Fraas), by the prophets “ haliruton,” in Egyptian “ ôin ô” (Syn. Diosc.); in which we recognize the
? T POY 0 ION of Euryphon — (Soran. Ephes. mul.), growing on the shore of Andros and its
root and fruit prescribed in Nat. mul. 29, Superfoet. 19, and i Morb. mul. 104, employed according
to Dioscorides medicinally as well as for washing wool, mentioned also by Lucian alexand. 12, and
Galen: the “ ströuthös” with which linen is whitened, mentioned by Theophrastus ix. I2. J, is read
“ struthiö” by Dioscorides (but translated “ speciem passerum praebentibus ” by Pliny xx. 79 ):
S. officinalis is figured in the Vienna manuscript Diosc. (Harl. and Cockayne) ; was olrserved on
Andros by Fraas ; and by him, Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in moist places along
hedges from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor ; “ struthium” root from Greece was found by Forskal
mat. med. employed medicinally in Eg yp t; and the living S. officinalis according to CIot-Bey has
recently been introduced. Westward, the “ ströuthiön” or “ strôuthiôkamëlôs” or “ katharsis” or
“ haraairuton” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ su r is ” of the Numidians, and “ erva laria”
or “ rathix anaria ” of the Romans; by Pliny xix. 18 and xxiv. 58 with the “ radicula” used for
washing wool, growing “ sa tiv a ” everywhere, and having a large root but no seeds (the many-petalled
form?); the “ radix lanaria ” is mentioned by Columella xi. 2. 53; the “ struthio” is prescribed by
Celsus 18 to 22, and in the time of Macer Floridus 26 was commonly called “ ostruthium : ” S. officinalis
is regarded as introduced into Britain after the departure of the Romans and before the discovery
of America (A. Dec.) ; is described by Brunswygk, Ruel, Fuchsius, Lobel, and Gerarde p.
360; is termed “ lychnis sylvestris quæ saponaria vulgo ” by Tournefort inst. 336; was observed by
Lenz in Italy, and is known to occur along roadsides as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 543, Pens., and
Fries) ; is besides sometimes regularly cultivated (A. Dec.). By European colonists, was carried
to Northeast America, where it continues chiefly near dwellings in our Northern, Middle, and according
to Chapman our Southern States. (See Imperatoria ostruthium).
Silene inflata of Europe and the adjoining portion o f Asia. Called in Britain bladder campion
or ben or white ben or from froth of an insect infesting it spatting poppy (Prior), in Germany “ klatsch-
nelke ” (Fraas), in Greece “ phöusköuthia ” or “ koukaki ” or “ strouthoula ” (Sibth.); and possibly
'die “ ströuthiön” in question : — the “ struthion” of Pliny xix. 18, wild in stony places in Asia
and Syria, the best in quality beyond the Euphrates, its stem slender and eaten and leaves like those
of the olive, may also be compared: the “ mëkôn ëraklëia” whose root according to Theophrastus
ix. 12. 5 is employed medicinally, and leaves resemble “ ströuthös” with which linen is whitened, is
identified through Syn. Diosc. with the “ mëkôn aphrôthës,” referred here by Lobel and others:
S. inflata was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus
throughout Greece, the leaves cooked and eaten. Westward, is described by Gesner f. 273, and
Dodoens p. 172; is termed “ lychnis sylvestris quæ behen album vulgo ” by Tournefort inst. 335;
was observed by Tenore near Naples, by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to occur along
roadsides and in fallow ground from the Pyrenees as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 914, Pers., and A.
Dec.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized,
occurring along roadsides and near dwellings from Quebec (Mx.) to Salem and Philadelphia, and
observed by myself in wild situations not far from the last-named city. S.fabaria, termed “ lychnis
maritima saxatilis anacampserotis fo lio ” by Tournefort cor. 24 and “ cucubalus foliis crassis ” by
Forskal, observed by him on the rocks of Tenedos, by Sibthorp on mount Athos and the Bithynian
Olympus, the seashore of Caria and maritime rocks of Samos, by Boccone mus. pl, 92 on the seashore
of Sicily (Pers.), is regarded by Bory as perhaps not distinct.
Potentilla reptans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain fiv e -lea f or
five-finger-grass or cinquefoil, by Askham “ quynckefolye,” in Sweden “ finger-ort” (Prior), in
France “ quinte-feuille ” (Nugent), in Germany creeping “ gänsefuss ” (Fraas), in Italy “ cinquefolio ”
(Lenz), in Greece “ pëntathaktula ” or “ pëntaphullô ” (Sibth.), by the prophets “ ptërôn iv ë ô s ” or
“ ivëôs önux ” or “ ërmôthaktulôn,” in Egyptian “ ôrphëtëvëôkë ” or “ ënôtrôn ” (Syn. Diosc.) ; in
which we recognize the nENTA4>YAA0 Y whose root is prescribed by Euryphon 2 morb. 38,—
enumerated by Democritus among signs of subterranean water (geopon. ii. 6), identified by Theophrastus
ix. 13. 5 with the “ pëntapëtôus ” having slender stems resting on the ground and all its leaves
in fives, growing according to Dioscorides in wet places and along streams, its leaves serrate ; clearly
also the “ pëntapëtëlôn ” of Nicander ther. 83g: P. reptans was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and Fraas, frequent in the situations described by Dioscorides from the Peloponnesus throughout
Greece; and dried “ pentaphyllum ” root was found by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., employed
medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the “ pëntaphullôn ” or “ pëntapëtës ” or “ pëntathaktulôn ” is
identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ prôpëthôula ” of the Dacians, “ pëmpëthôula ” of the Gauls, and
“ kigkëphôliôum ” of the Romans, by Pliny x_xv. 62 with the “ quinquefolium ; ” and “ quinquefolii
rad ix ” is prescribed by Celsus vi. 9: P. reptans is described by Fuchsius 624, Matthioli, and Lobel
pl. 960 ; is termed “ q. majus repens ” by Tournefort inst. 297 ; was observed by Munby in Algeria
(A. Dec.), by Lenz in Ita ly ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden
(fl. Dan. pl. 1164, and Pers.).
Rhus coriaria of the wooded portion of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in commerce
sumach, \n France “ sumac” (Nugent), in Germany “ sumach” (Grieb), in Italy “ sommaco ” or
“ ru ” (Lenz), in Greece “ vursia” or “ vursöklatha ” (Fraas) or by the Turks “ sumack ” (Sibth.),
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