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p. Thomas de Berlangas to the West Indies (Ovied. p. 112, and A. Dec.), and rapidly extending
among colonists and natives, was soon cultivated throughout Tropical America.
442 B. C. = “ a year after the ” Second Budhist council (Mason iii. 39), founding of the city of
Prome in Burmah by king Dwattabong.*
“ 441 B. C.” (Blair), the teslndo and other engines of war, invented by Artemones.
“ In this y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), at Athens, the first prize for tragedy gained for the first time by
Euripides.
Paliurus aculeatus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ marruca ” or “ marruca
n era” or “ paliuro ” (Lenz), in Greece “ paliouri” (Sibth.); in which we recognize the pAMOYPOS
of Euripides, — Agathocles, Diphilus Siphnius, Theophrastus, Theocritus, Strabo, and Athenaeus
xiv. 62, described by Dioscorides as a well-known thorny sh ru b: P. aculeatus was observed by
Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, one of the most frequent shrubs from the Peloponnesus to
the Dardanelles; is known to grow also around Caucasus (Pall. fl. Ross. ii. pl. 64); and was observed
by Hasselquist near Jaffa in Palestine. Westward, the “ paliurus ” is mentioned by Virgil, and
* Bombax {Salmalia) insigne of Burmah. A red-flowered silk-cotlon tree resembling the first
species, from early times furnishing down for stuffing mattresses and pillows : — observed by Wallich,
and Mason v. 4S7 to 520.
Grewia ? sp. of Burmah. A tree called “ phet-won ” (Mason), its wood red-coloured and from
early times used for spear-handles, ploughs, and sawn for building; — observed by Berdmore
(Mason v. 537).
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus of Burmah. A tree called “ en ” (Mason), and from eariy times its
timber valued and gum used for torches : — observed by Wallich, and Mason v. 493 to 528. ^
Murraya of Burmah. An Aurantiaceous tree called “ may-kay” (Mason), and its strong
tough wood box-like in grain, known from early times : — observed by Wallich, and Mason v. 534,
indigenous in Tavoy.
' Sophora robusta of Burmah. A Leguminous tree called “ theet-wa-gyee ” (Mason), its timber
known from early times : — observed by McClelland in Pegu (Mason v. 532).
Syzygium and Acmena sp. of Burmah. Woody Myrtaceous plants, more than a dozen species
classed under the general name “ tha-bym” (Mason), all affording a small timber used from early
times ; — observed by Mason v. 533.
Careya sphcerica oiBuxmaA. A Gustavioid tree — observed there by Falconer. R ega rd ed by
Mason v. 534 to 746 as perhaps the “ ban-bwae ” that “ furnishes a useful timber for house building.”
Lagerstroemia glomerata of Burmah. A tall straight Lythraceous tree called “ theet-phyu”
(Mason), its compact close-grained wood known from early times : — observed by Mason v. 538.
Lagerstroemia kha-moung-phyu of Burmah. Its name signifying white jarool, and its timber
used from early times, — though considered inferior to the red kind : observed by Mason v. 538 in
Tavoy.
Nauclea? sp. oiBmmah. A Cinchonaceous tree called “ theet-pa-young ” Witur-re/iiito (Mason),
its wood having the colour of bees-wax, and though not durable, straight-grained and from early
times used for house-posts : — observed by Berdmore (Mason v. 538).
Millingtonia {Meliosmd) simplicifolia of Burmah. A Bignoniaceous tree, its timber from early
times valued from its weight and strength ; — observed by McClelland, and Mason v. 535, common
at Toungoo ; known also to Roxburgh.
Vitex arborea of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A small Verbenaceous tree called by the
Burmese “ htouk-sha” (Mason), and from eariy times used to make wooden bells ; — observed by
Mason V. 526 “ very common at Maulmain.” Westward, is known to grow as far as Hindu.stan
(Drur ), its wood according to Roxburgh becoming when old chocolate-coloured, very hard and
durable.
Laurus nitida of Burmah. A tree from early times furnishing the solitary post, to which
Termites or white ants will confine themselves in Tavoy houses, in preference to all other kinds ot
timber: — observed by Mason v. 542.
Laurus kyai-zai of Burmah. A tree, its hard wood from early times used in carpentry : —
observed by Mason v. 542 in Tavoy.
Laurus [Sassafras) hmnn-then of Burmah. A tree even in odour resembling the sassafras, and
from early times its wood used in carpentry : — observed by Mason v. 542.
Myristica amygdalina and M. Sphcerocarpa of Burmah Two species of wild nutmeg— observed
there by Wallich. In Southern Burmah, Mason v. 543 met with one or two Myristica trees, their
fruit having “ none of the aroma of a nutmeg,” but the timber “ large ” and “ used by the natives in
house carpentry.”
Columella, as growing in Italy, and the “ zuram ” seeds of the Numidians are identified by Pliny
xvi. 41 and xxiv. 71 : P. aculeatus is termed “ paliurus” by Tournefort inst. 616, “ p. spina Christi ”
by Miller; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow also in Italy and other
parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz).
Satureia thymbra of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ thumvro ” or “ thrimve”
(Sibth.) in which we recognize the 6YMBPA of Euripides rhes. 508, — Eupolis, Demochares,
Theophrastus, Nicander, Athenaeus, eaten according to Aristophanes nub. 421 and acharn. 254!
sometimes cultivated according to Dioscorides, and the “ thrumve ” of the Geoponica x. 42 :
S. thymbra was observed by Plonorius Bellus on Crete (Clus. 304) ; by Sibthorp, abounding on the
Greek islands and in Southern Greece, the dried herb bruised and scattered over dishes as seasoning
(Walp. p. 244). Westward, the “ thymbra” is termed “ graviter spirans” by Virgil geor. v. 30, is
mentioned also by Columella, and Pliny xix. 50 : S. thymbra is described by Barrelier pl 898 is
termed “ thymbra légitima” by Tournefort inst. 197; and is known to grow in Italy, Sardinia, and
Tripoli (Pers., Spreng., and Lenz). “ Thymus tragoriganum ” observed by Alpinus exot. pl. 78 on
Crete, by Sibthorp on Cyprus and in Boeotia, is regarded by Bory as not distinct.
Poa pratensis of Europe and Northern Asia. A grass called in Sweden “ slater-groe ” (Linn ).
The P 0 I A of Euripides cycl. 333, — or “ pua ” of Eubulus (Athen.), or “ poa ” among later Greeks
a term usually employed in a general sense for herb, but the “ poa” properly so called of Theophiastus
i. 6. 6 to vii. 8. 3 and caus. iii. 20. 9 is referred here by C. Bauhin pin. r, under the name of
“ poa Theophrast! ” (Linn.) : P. pratensis is described also by Ray syn. 409, is termed “ gramen pratense
paniculatum majus latiore folio ” by Tournefort inst. 521, and is known to grow from Lapland
throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. ii. pl. 5, Pers., Wats., and A . Dec.), also about Caucasus and
in Siberia (Georgi, and Kunth) ; was observed by Linnæus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
abundant in the meads of the Peloponnesus. Westward, by Hooker on Iceland; by Herzberg, at
“ 57° 20'” near Okak in Labrador (Meyer, and Schlecht. in linn. 1835); grows according to Hooker
fl am. ii. 246 throughout Canada, and according to A. Gray is “ indigenous ” on the White mountains
: farther South along the Atlantic, seeds having been imported with those of other grasses for
cultivation, has become abundantly naturalized in our Middle States ; was observed by Chapman in
our Southern States “ mostly around dwellings, introduced ; ” by Short, in Kentucky ; and by Nuttall,
on the Arkansas.
Poa trivialis of Europe and Northern Asia. Resembling and probably included with the preceding
by the Greeks : — distinguished by the Swedes under the name of “ betes-groe ” (Linn.);
termed “ gramen pratense paniculatum medium” by C. Bauhin pin. ii., theatr. 30, Ind Tournefort
inst. 527, “ poa scabra ” by Ehrhart ; described also by Ray syn. 409, and known to grow from Lapland
and Russia to the Mediterranean (Curt. lond. ii. pl. 6, Pers., and Wats.), also in the Tauro-Cau-
casian countries (Bieb ) and throughout Siberia to Japan (Georgi, and Kunth); was observed by
Linnæus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the meads of the Peloponnesus. Westward, by
Hooker on Iceland ; by Herzberg, at 57° in Labrador (Meyer, Schlecht., and A. Dec.) ; by myèelf,
in the environs of Salem, brought apparently among imported grass seed; by A. Gray, in “ moist
meadows” in central New York, “ less common and less valuable than the ” preceding s’pecies and
regarded by him as “ naturalized” only. ’
Boletus lu r id u so i Europe. The “ thanasimos mukes ” on which Euripides wrote an epigram —
according to Eparchides (Athen. ii. 56), or the poisonous kind mentioned by Ephippus, Nfoander,
Dioscorides, and in the Geoponica xiv. 24, may be compared : B. luridus is known to grow in Italy
and middle Europe, and is called in Germany “ hexenpilz ” (Schaeff., Spreng., and Lenz)."
The MATNHTIS: AI0 OS of Euripides oen. — (Hesych.), prescribed as purgative in Int. affect
21, and by Rufus Ephesius (Cribas. vii. 26), and described by Tlieophrastus lap. 41 as a white stone
hard enough to be worked, is referred by Daremberg to carbonate o f magnesia.
“ 440 B. C. = 1st year of Kao-wang, of the T ch eou ” or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same y e a r ” (Diodor. xiii. 18. 2, and C. iMull. geogr. min. i. p. xxi), war again carried into
Sicily by the Carthaginians, now under Hannibal and Himilco son of Hanno. Agrigentum, Gela, and
other cities, captured and plundeied, and the spoils removed to Carthage.
“ The same y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome famine, and a praefectus annonae first appointed. Sp
Maelius, a wealthy plebeian, employing his fortune in purchasing corn in Etruria, seliino- at a low
price to the poor and distributing gratuitously. “
“ In this y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), Samos revolting against the Athenians, and defended by the philosopher
Melissus ; — but in the ninth month subdued by Pericles and his associate generals, includino-
the poet Sophocles. ^
“ 439 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), T . Quinctius Capitoliiius Barbatus and Agrippa Menenius Lanatus
consuls, the pretended conspiracy of Sp. Maelius. L. Quinctius .Cincinnatus for the second time
appointed dictator, and Sp. Maeiius attempting to avoid arrest, illegally slain by the ma<»ister
equitum.
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