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276 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
introduced by Althen in the middle of the Eighteenth century, continues successful in France and
Germany, and as far as Holland (Gasparin agric. iv. 253, and A. De c.). The plant according to
Lindley is said “ to be tonic, diuretic and emmenagogue.”
Eleusine coracana of Tropical Africa. A grass called in Tamil “ kayvaru ” or “ kelwaragoo,” in
Telinga “ tamida” or “ sode e ” or “ ponassa,” in Bengalee “ murooa,” in Hindustanee “ nacheni ” or
by the Mohammedans “ raggee ” (Drur.), in Malwa “ mand,” in the environs of Bombay sometimes
“ nag la” (Graham), on Zanzibar “ weenibi” (heard by myself), in Interior Africa “ oolezee” (Grant);
and"the grain S TERM ATI used according to Herodotus iii. 97 both by the Ethiopians and Calan-
tian Indians, — may be compared: E. coracana was observed by myself on Zanzibar, specimens
shown as cultivated about the mouths of the Jub under the Equator ; by Grant, everywhere on his
route, cultivated and yielding flour and coarse beer; was observed by Vesling in 1638 in Egypt, and
by Cavallini in i68g on Malta, but from these two countries has disappeared. Eastward, was observed
by Rheede .xii. pl. 78 in Malabar; by Graham, “ extensively cultivated by tlie hill people on the
slopes of the great range of Ghauts, and forms their principal article of diet ; ” by Roxburgh, in other
parts of Hindustan, but never seen “ in a wild state ; ” and according to Drury, “ is the staple grain
of the Mysore country” and “ perhaps the most productive of Indian cereals.” Farther East, was
observed by McClelland in Pegu (Mason v. 478) ; and by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation
in Japan.
445 B. C. = “ 20th year of A r tax e rx es” (Neh. ii. i to vi. 15), Nehemiah “ cupbearer” to Artaxerxes,
permitted to visit Jerusalem as “ go ve rno r;” and under his direction, the city-wall rebuilt in
“ fifty and two days.”
“ The same y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, the Canuleian law ; permitting marriage between patricians
and plebeians ; which had been taken away by the Twelve tables. -
“ In this y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), the five years’ truce having expired, Attica invaded by the Lacedaemonians
; and a new truce concluded, to last thirty years.
The RONTIAS: XEAQNHof Crates (Athen. iii. p. 117) is clearly a turtle or iiiir — possibly
Chelonia coriacea known to sometimes enter the Mediterranean.
Brassica campestris of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain turnip from the Latin
“ terrae napus” (Prior), in France “ n a v e t” (Nugent), in Germany “ riibe,” in Italy “ turnepi or
“ rapa domestica” or “ rapa tonda ” (Lenz), in Greece “ rëv ës” (Fraas), in Egypt “ lif t ” (D e l.); in
which we recognize the “ rapa” of the Romans identified through Syn. Diosc. with the rOf rYAI
SIN of Crates, — Callias, Aristophanes, Euphron, Polemon, Diodes, having a fleshy root according
to Theophrastus i. 6. 6, mentioned also by Dioscorides, Athenaeus ix., Aretaeus, and further identified
in Syn. Diosc. with the “ goggule êmërôs ” or “ goggulitha” or “ gôlgôsiôn : ” B. campestris was
observed by Fraas under cultivation in Greece ; by Delile, and CIot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ;
is known to be also cultivated in Syr ia; and according to Ledebour i. 217 grows wild throughout
Siberia. Westward, the “ rapum” is mentioned by Cato, Columella, Palladius, and directions for its
cultivation are given by Pliny xviii. 35 : B. campestris continues abundantly cultivated from Italy
and Portugal throughout middle and Northern Europe (Pers., and Lenz), and in Sweden and Russia
is found to all appearance indigenous (Fries, and A. Dec.). Southward and Eastward from Egypt,
was observed by myself a dry-rooted weed on Zanzibar; is called in Hindustanee “ shalgam,” in
Bengalee “ salgram ” (D’roz.) ; was observed by Mason “ exotic ” in Burmah and called “ mung-la-oo-
waing ; ” by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation on Japan and called “ kabu ” or “ kabuna”
or “ busei,” or usually “ a o n a ;” and through native tribes may have been distributed to the islands
of the Pacific, where I found it a dry-rooted weed on the Feejeean, Tongan, and Taheitian groups,
and New Zealand. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues
abundantly cultivated ; to Peru, and Australia, observed by myself under cultivation in both
countries. In Northern climates, the plant is often cultivated solely for the oil from its seeds (A.
Dec., and others ; see B. napus).
“ 444 B. C .” (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), at Rorrie, Military tribunes having consular power elected
from patricians and plebeians, but through a defect in the auspices compelled to resign ; and L.
Papirius Mugillanus and L. Sempronius Atratinus appointed consuls.
“ The same y ear” (Clint.), at Athens, Pericles, one of the governors during twenty-five years, now entrusted
with the sole direction of affairs. — This continued for the remainder of his life, “ fifteen years.”
Parietaria officinalis of Europe and the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain pelbtoiy
or paritory o f the mall (Prior), in France “ pariétaire ” (Nugent), in Germany “ glaskraut,” in Italy
“ parietaria” (Lenz), in Egypt “ hasjijet errihh” wind herb (Forsk.) becoming “ anemoklëiti ” in
Greece, where it is also called “ përthikaki,” or by the Turks “ ya pu c a n ” (Sibth.); in which we
recognize the “ perdicium” said to have healed Pericles alter his fall from the temple he was building,
— from which time the herb began to be called “ partheniura” (Plin. xxii. 20) : the “ partliëniôn ” is
mentioned by Theophrastus vii. 7. 2 as cooked and eaten; is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 2 7 7
“ ë ix in ë ” growing according to Dioscorides on walls and fortifications; and the “ perdicium” is
further enumerated by Pliny xxi. 62 as eaten by other nations besides the Egyptians : P. officinalis
was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on rocks and walls from the Peloponnesus
throughout the Greek islands to Smyrna; by Plasselquist, in Palestine; and by For.skal, and Delile,
in Egypt. Westward, the “ përthikiôn” or “ parthëniôn” of the Greeks is identified by Celsus ii, 33
with the “ herba muralis ; ” by Pliny, with the “ asteriscum ” or “ herba urceolaris ; ” and the “ herba
urceolaris” is mentioned by Scribonius Largus 39 to 158, Marcellus i. 12 to 36, and P. Vegetius i.
34: P. officinalis is termed “ p. officinarum et Dioscoridis” by Tournefort inst. 509; was observed
by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow from Italy as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. p. 521,
Pers., and Lenz).
“ 443 B. C.” (Clin t), a colony accompanied by Herodotus, and Lysias, sent by the Athenians to
Thurium in Italy.
“ The same y e a r ” (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), at Rome, M. Geganius Macerinus and T. Quinctius
Capitoliiius Barbatus consuls ; the censorship instituted, and L. Papirius Mugillanus and L. Sempronius
Atratinus, consuls during the preceding year, appointed censors.
“ In this year ( = too yrs in Budhu-verouse,” Mahav., and Ma.son 39), at Vasali “ twenty miles
North ” from Patna on the Ganges, in the “ loth year of Calasoka,” meeting of the Second great
Budhist council. Calasoka made inquiry “ touching the law called Istewirrewade, and Wineya, and
committed them to writing.”
Of the Budhist cave-temples, some are possibly as early as this date. Tlie painted walls of the
series at Adjunta disclose an advanced state of society ; respecting which, particulars have already
been given in my work on the Races of Man.
Figures of the Indian cobra or hooded snake. Naja, occur in the cave-temples at Adjunta, —
and in Braminical cave-temples, as witnessed by myself. The worship continues in Hindustan;
according to the oral account of a native, for protection against sunstroke and the febrile influence
of the sun.
Figures of the buffalo, Bos ? bubalus, occur in the cave-temples at Adjunta, — and in other
cave-temples, Budhist and Braminical, as witnessed by myself : the buffalo is enumerated in the
Institutes of Menu among the wild beasts that inhabit the woods (transl. Deslongch.); and in another
passage, as sometimes employed instead of the bullock for drawing carts (Mason v. p. 174) ; is mentioned
in the Sama Veda (transl. Stev.); under the name of “ Indian taurëlëphas,” by the pseudo-
Callisthenes ; as a domestic animal in Hindustan, by Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. p. 334; was seen
in Eastern Asia by Marco Polo 118 ; by myself, from Hindustan throughout the Malayan Archipelago
to Luzon, but always in the domesticated state. Westward, is mentioned under the year “ 388 A. D.”
by the Armenian chronologer Samuel Aniensis ; under its Arabic name “ djamus,” by Ebn Masawia,
Temimi, Abd-allatif, Ebn Baitar, and Allatafet ; and was observed by myself in Egypt.
Nymphoea stellata oi Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Distinctly figured in the cave-temples
at Adjunta, — and in Braminical cave-temples, as witnessed by myself : the blue water-lily is mentioned
by Kalidasa kum. i. 47 and raghuv. vi. 65 : N. stellata was observed in Hindustan by Rheede xi.
pl. 27, Wight, and Graham; and farther East, is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah and
called “ kya-nyo.” Westward, dried flowers to all appearance of this species were observed by myself
in a drug-shop at Mocha: and the living plant has been carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it
has become so completely naturalized as to be regarded by Bojer as indigenous.
Musa paradisiaca of the Siamese countries. The banana is figured on the walls of the cave-
temples at Adjunta, — as observed by myself ; has Sanscrit names (Pidd., and A. Dec.) ; is called in
Bengalee “ k a la ” or “ kadali,” in Hindustanee “ k e la ” or “ k a d li” (D ’ro z .); and was seen under
cultivation in Hindustan by Rheede i. pl. 12 to 14, Roxburgh cor. iii. pl. 275, and Graham. Eastward,
is enumerated by Mason v. p. 449 as “ indigenous ” in Burmah, “ but the wild fruit is too full
of seeds to be eatable ; ” var. “ seminifera agrestis ” a wild seed-bearing kind, also a cultivated seed-
bearing kind, were seen by Loureiro p. 791 in Anam ; and M. paradisiaca was found by Finlayson
trav. p. 86 wild on the islet of Pulo Ubi at the Southern extreme of Cambodia ; the only seed-bearing
kind ever met with by myself, was cultivated by the natives of the Samoan Islands ; seedless varieties
I found especially numerous on the Philippines ; and one or more, aboriginally introduced throughout
the Tropical islands of the Pacific, the Feejeean, Tongan, Samoan, Taheitian, and Hawaiian Groups.
Westward from Hindustan, was observed by myself introduced from an early period on Zanzibar ; is
mentioned by Mohammed in the Koran (Kasimirsk. vers.), and was seen in Yemen by Forskal; is
described under the name of “ mauz” by Asmai, Ebn Masawia, Abu Hanifa, Avicenna, Serapion,
.'Vbd-allatif, and Ebn Baitar; and was seen at Alexandria in 1520 by a Portuguese pilot, who also
met with it on St. Thomas Island in the Gulf of Guinea. From Egypt also, the plant was carried
mostly or altogether by Europeans to Malta, the Canaries, Madeira, the Azores, even here (I was
informed liy Nuttall) in certain situations ripening fruit : from the Canaries, was carried in 1516 by
I