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1024 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
“ In this y e a r ” (Linn. sp. pl.), Linnæus publishing the Fifth volume of his Amoen. acad., enumerating
Paspalum distichum.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng., and Pritzel), after his Seventh edition “ in 1759,” Miller publishing
figures of plants adapted to his Gardener’s dictionary, including Pinus inops, P. variabilis, Xanthoxy-
lum fraxineum. P h lo x divaricata 203. f. I, Physalis lanceolata, Crataegus cordata 179, Coreopsis
aurea (Ph.), Martynia proboscidea 2S6, Hypericum monogynum 151. f. 2, Vitex incisa 275. f. i. 2,
Bauhinia aurita 41. t. 61, Ornithogalum thyrsoides 128. t, 192, Anthericum elatum 38. t. 56, Rheum
compactum pl. 218, Phytolacca icosandra 138. t. 207, Triumfetta annua 199. t. 29, Pyrus prunifolia
180. t. 269.
Heliotropium Peruvianum of Western Peru. The heliotrope of the gardens, a low shrub, is
described by Miller pl. 143— (Linn. sp. pl.), and is known to grow wild in Peru (Pers.). Transported
to Europe and to Northeast America, has become a favourite in gardens on account of its fragrance.
“ 1761, March 12th, between two and three in the morning” (mem. Amer. acad. i. 278, and
I-Iolmes), two shocks of an earthquake felt throughout New England. * “ Nov. is t,” another earthquake
felt in Boston and the neighbouring towns.
“ The same y e a r ” (Holmes note to 1732), the transit o f Venus observed at the Cape of Good
Hope.
“ In this year ” (præf. 9. and flor. lii to 2), Forskal at Marseilles, on his way to Malta and Constantinople,
where he arrived in August. He reached Ale.\andria in the beginning of October, and
proceeding to Rosetta and up the Nile to Cairo remained in Egypt — “ nearly a year.”
“ The same year ( = A. H. 1139,” W. G. Browne in Walp. trav.), the art of printing introduced
into Turkey. — »^for two years, an Arabo-Tiirkish lexicon, and a History of the Turkish maritime
wars, were issued from the press ; and during successive years until “ 1777 ( = A. H. 1155 ” ), fourteen
additional works.
“ In this year ” (Spreng.), Fr. Wiih. von Leysser publishing his Flor. halens., enumerating Nasturtium
palustre (Steud.) ; — “ in 1783 ” a second edition ; “ in 1806” tentam. nov. ; “ in 1807 ” his
Mantissa; “ in i 8 i i ” ase cond Mantissa, and died “ in 1815.”
“ In this y e a r ” (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Louis Gerard publishing his Flor. Galloprov.*
As early as this year (Act. angl. li, and Linn. sp. pl ), Garden in Carolina sending plants to Linnæus,
including Bumelia tenax, Cyrilla racemiflora (mant. 50), Halesia diptera.
“ In this y e a r ” (Linn. sp. pl.), after his Flor. geldrica “ in 1757,” Gorter publishing his Flor.
in g r ic a ;— his Flor. belgica “ in 1767” (Winckl.) ; and died “ in 1783.”
In this year (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Oeder editing the first volume of the Flor. Dan.f
“ 1762 A . D .” (Proud, and Holmes note to 1732), two ingenious mathematicians returning from
observing the transit of Venus, employed by the inhabitants of Southern Pennsylvania to mark out
the boundary separating Maryland.
“ The same y e a r ” (Nicol.), accession of Peter III. as emperor of Russia. Before the close of
the year, he was succeeded by Catharine II.
“ May 23d ” (Blair), war declared by Portugal against Spain.
“ In this y e a r ” (Linn. sp. ph, and Winckl.), Gouan publishing his Plort. monspeliens, enumerating
Silphium perfoliatum 462.
“ June 27th” (Blair), St. John’s in Newfoundland captured by the French ; and “ Sept. i8th,” recaptured
by the English.
In the West Indies, Martinico, Granada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and the other French possessions
in the Caribbee chain of islancls, all captured by the combined British and colonial forces (univ.
hist., and Holmes). “ Aug. 12th,” Havana was captured, but on “ Nov. 3d,” preliminary articles
of peace were signed at Paris. — By a treaty signed on the following “ Feb. loth,” the French pos-
* Juncus Gerardi of the seashore of Northeast America. A rush described by Gerard —
(Loisel.), and termed “ j. Bothnicus ” by Wahlenberg. Westward, along our Atlantic coast is calleci
black grass, and has been observed by myself forming beds or patches in salt marshes from Lat. 43°;
by Torrey, as far as 41° ; by A. Gray, in “ salt marshes, common along the coast from New Jersey
northward ; ” by Baldwin at 31“ in Florida, and was received by Muhlenberg from Georgia and New
Jersey, but I was assured by Dr. Emerson that seed imported from the Northward is sown in the salt
marshes aiong Delaware Bay. Allied to J. bulbosus, but may prove distinct.
J Carex Oederi of Northern and middle Europe. A low sedge — described by Ehrhart, Schkuhr
67. t. F. f. 26, and Host i. pl. 65 : known to grow in moist ground in Northern ancl micldle Europe
(Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself only in
grass-grown clearings in the environs of Salem, Mass,
lYJte,
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 1025
sessions East of the Mississippi were ceded to Britain, except only the islets of St. Pierre and Miquelon,
ceded to IVance as a fishing station ; Guadaloupe, Marigalante, Desirade, and Martinico were
restored to France; and Havana, to Spain.
“ In this year ” (Spreng.), Hudson publishing his Flora anglica, enumerating* Arabis stricta ; — ■
“ in 177S,” a second edition ; and died “ in 1793.”
“ In this y e a r ” (Linn, sp, pl. i. 202, suppl. Sibth., and W in c k l), Linnæus the younger publishing
his first decade of Plant, rar. hort, upsal. ; — the second “ in 1763.”
Lithospermum dispermum of the Uralian plains. An annual describecl by Linnæus the younger
dec. i. pl. 7, — cultivated also in the Oxford botanic garden (J. E. Smith). In its wild state, observed
by Hawkins on mount Ossa in Thessaly (Sibth.) ; by Pallas v. 337 lo 497, on .the Lower Volga.
In the Introduction to the Second edition of his Species Plantarum Linnæus states Ilia" he had
travelled over the mountains of Lapland, all Sweden, and a part of Norway, Denmark, Germany, Holland,
England, and France: and that by his persuasion his pupils had visited and examined other
countries, as Kalm, Canada ; Hasselquist, Egypt ; Osbeck, China ; Toren, Surat ; Solander, England
; Alstrcemer, Southern Europe ; Martin, Spitzbergen ; Pontin, Malabar ; Kæhler, Italy ; Forskal,
the East; Loefling, Spain ; and Montin, Lapland.
Among botanical friends who had sent from various countries seeds or dried plants, he enumerates
B. Jussieu, Royen, J. Gesner, Wachendorf, Sibthorp, Monti, Gleditsch, Krascheninikoff, Minu-
art, Velez, Kleinhoff, Ortega, Ellis, Seguier, Allioni, Zinn, Gouan, Gerard, Munchhausen, Bielke,
Rathgeb, Demidoff, Collinson, Braad, Clifford, Lagerström, Gronovius, Gmelin, Burmann, and
Sauvages.
And of botanical writers who maintain or have in some instances adopted his system of arranging
and describing, Gorter, Jacquin, Golden, Hill, Hudson, Dalibard, Kramer, Leyser, Meese, Le
Monier, Guettard, Haller, and Scopoli.
“ Sept. i s t ” (introd.) Linnæus publishing a Second edition of his Sp. Plant., enumeratingf
“ fifteen hundred” additional plants = 8800 species: including Platanthera hyperborea, Danthonia
spicata 119, Anemone Pennsylvanica, Aconitum uncinatum, Hydrophyllum Canadense 208, Cha-
ynaenerium latifolium, Baptisia coerulea, Arenaria (Moeringia) laterifora, Pedicularis Canadensis,
Elephantopus tomentosus, Croton glandulosum, Chrysosplenium Americanum, “ gentiana ciliata
Canadæ montibus ” G. detonsa, Silphium laciniatum (sent by Collinson), Polymnia Canadensis
amoen. acad. iii. I. f. 5, Taxus Canadensis, Uniola latifolia (Muhl. in reliq. Baldw. 96).
Silene Italica of the Mediterranean countries. Termed “ cucubalus Italiens” by Linnæus sp.
plant. 593, — “ viscago clavata” by Moench, and known to grow in Italy and Southern France (Jacq,
obs. iv. pl. 79, Pers., and A. Dec.) : observed by Grenier and Godron as far North as Lyons ; by
Villars, in Dauphiny; by Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus, In Britain, has escaped from cultivation,
and “ from 1825 ” has continued on the sea-cliffs at Dover (Engl. bot. pl. 2748, and Bab.).
Phyiolacca dioica of Tropical America ? Transported to Europe, and brought by Alstrcemer
from the Madrid garden to Linnæus sp. p l.; — cultivated in England by Miller “ in 176 8 ;” described
also by L ’Heritier stirp, i. pl. 70 ; and enumerated by Ciot-Bey and Figari as recently introduced and
becoming very large in Egypt.
“ In this y e a r ” (append Sibth.), Henr. Joh. Nep. Crantz publishing his Stirp. austriac. ; — the
third fascic, and Umbellif. emend, “ in 1 7 6 7 ; ” the sixth and Crucif. emend, “ in 1769;” and died
“ in 1799” (Spreng.).
“ In thi.s y e a r ” (Spreng.), Aublet arriving in Guayana, meeting with Nectris equatica.
Coumarouma odorata of Eastern Equatorial America. The tonka bean, a Leguminous tree,
* Sagina subulata of Subarctic climates. Termed “ s. pérgula laricina” by Hudson, — and in
fl. Dan. (Swartz act. holm. 17S9 pl. i. f, 3, and Steucl.) ; known to grow from Sweden to Switzerland
(Wats.) ; was observed by Curtis near London, and by Brotero in Portugal (Steud.). Westward,
was received by Hooker from 56° on the Rocky mountains
t Amaranthus fa v u s of Eastern Asia. Received by Linnæus sp. 1406 from “ India ” — (Willd.
pl. 3. f. 6, and Pers.) ; by Moquin, from Nepal, apparently a garden specimen (A. Dec.). Probably
by European colonists carried to Brazil (see Moq.).
Spiranthes cernua of North America. This spiral-flowering Orchid, described from transported
specimens by Linnæus sp. 1340 — has reached without human intervention the Southern extreme of
Ireland ; found there in iSio, and again in 1843 (Bab., and Power). Westward, is known to grow
from Newfoundland to the Pacific, at the mouth of the Columbia (A. D e c .); was observed by
Michaux from Hudson Bay to Carolina ; by myself, in bogs and marshes from 45° throughout New
England; by Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Bald+in to 31°;
by N. A. Warè, in Florida; by Chapman, “ Florida to Mississippi;” by Short, in Kentucky.
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