. '■ M
l i s i
“ 438 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes with consular power holding the place of
consuls ; revolt of the citizens of Fidena (about “ five miles ” from Rome), who after murdering the
Roman ambassadors ally themselves with the neighbouring Etruscan city of Veil.
“ In this y e a r ” (Anon de com.. Mein., and Sm. b. d.) at Athens now dominant in the affairs of
Greece, the prize for comedy gained for the first time by Pherecrates.
Ervum tetraspermum of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain with some sinrilar weeds
tare (P r io r); the AtlAKHN of Pherecrates, — eaten by sheep according to 0 ristotle vm. 10, and
Phanias of Eresus, enumerated among Leguminous plants by Theophrastus viii. 1 .4 to 11. C grovv-
ing according to Dioscorides in cultivated ground, slender-leaved and taller than “ phakou ” lentil,
with larger pods and three or four smaller black seeds, mentioned also by Athenaeus ix. 71, and
Paulus Aegineta, may be compared : E. tetraspermum was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
in fallow ground from the Peloponnesus to Caria in Asia Minor. Westward, the account of the
“ aphaca” by Pliny xxvii. 21 seems taken from Dioscorides: E. tetraspermum is termed “ vicia
segetum singularibus siliquis glabris ” by Tournefort inst: 397 ; is known to occur as a weed throughout
middle Europe (Curt. lond. i. pl. sS, and Pers.). Eastward from Greece, was observed by Thun- ^
berg in Japan, along roadsides everywhere and called “ no iendo.” By European colonists, was carried
to Northeast America, where it continues in waste ground in our Atlantic States.
Satureja capitata of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ thuman ” or
“ thumio” (Sibth.), in Egyptian “ stSphane” (Syn. Diosc.); in which we recognize the ©YMQ of Pherecrates,
— Choerilus of Samos, Eupolis, Aristophanes, Antiphanes, Crates the cynic, Theophrastus,
Aristón, Nicander, Athenaeus ii. 60, not growing according to Plegesander so far North as the
Hellespont, and according to Dioscorides small and shrubby with heads of purple flowers ; S. capitata
was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, one of the most frequent plants in sunny situations
from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; is known to grow also m Palestine
(Pers.), and was observed by Delile on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the “ thumos”
or “ épithumis ” or “ thursion ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ mozoula ” ot the Dacians, and
“ thoumoum ” of the Romans ; the “ thymum ” is mentioned by Virgil, Celsus, Columella, and from
bein'» celebrated for the honey from its flowers was brought from Attica and sown in I « y , the stony
plains of Narbon in Southern France being already filled with it in the days of Plmy xxi. 31 :8. capitata
is described by Matthioli comm. p. 531 ; is termed “ t. capitatus qui Dioscoridis” by Tournefort
inst. 196; and has become abundant along the Mediterranean as far as Portugal (Brot., and
^ Urticapilulifera of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain Roman nettle (Prior), and
by a name corresponding to “ Roman ” or “ Italian nettle ” in Germany in the days of Gerarde (A.
De c.), in Greece “ tziknitha” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ kurres ” (Forsk.) or “ zorbeh ” or “ fisah klab ”
(D e l.) ; in which we recognize the “ knitlie ” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian “ sélép-
sión,” and AKAAH4>AIS of Pherecrates, — Eupolis, Aristophanes, 3 Morb. 18, cooked and eaten
according to Diodes, and Theophrastus vii. 7. 2, and according to Dioscorides having^ fruit like
“ linóspérmó ; ” the “ knithS” is also mentioned by Euryphon 2 morb. 44 to 68, and Hippocrates
vict. p. 688 : Pliny xxii. 15 speaks of oil made from the “ urtica ” in Egypt, and seed imported from
Alexandria; and the “ korrais ” is mentioned by Ebn Baitar: U. pilulifera was found b y lo r s k a l,
Sibthorp, and Fraas, one of the most frequent plants about dwellings from the Peloponnesus throughout
the Greek islands to the Dardanelles ; by Forskal, and Delile, as far as Cairo. Westward, the
“ akaluphe” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ thun ” of the Dacians, and “ ourtika” of the
Romans: the “ urtica” is mentioned by Catullus xliv. 15 ; by Horace, and Apicius, as edible; by
Ovid am. i. 417 as “ mordax ; ” by Pliny xxi. 55 as “ acetabulis in flore purpureara lanuginem fun-
den tib u s :” U. pilulifera is termed “ u. urens pilulas ferens prima Dioscoridis semine lin i ” by
Tournefort inst. 535; was observed by Forskal on Malta ; and is known to grow in Italy and other
parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). Farther North, is supposed to have been introduced
by the Romans into Britain, occurring near Romney naturalized from time immemorial (Park. th.
441), is termed “ a straunge he rb e ” by Lyte, is considered foreign by Gerarde p. 571, and according
to Watson in other localities has appeared and disappeared (Bromf , A. Dec., and Prior).
“ 437 B. C.” (Sm. b. d,), at Rome, M. Geganius Macerinus and L. Sergius (Fidenas) consuls,
and M. Aemilius Mamercinus dictator ; the citizens of Veil defeated, and Fidena reconquered.
“ 436 B. C .” (Harpocr., and Clint.), at Athens, building of the propylaea on the acropolis.
“ 435 B. C.” (Sm. b. d.), war between the Corcyreans and Corinthians, and the Corinthians
defeated in naval combat. , „ j
Artemisia arborescens of tlie East Mediterranean seashore. A large species of wormwood called
in Egypt “ sjtebe ” white hair (Forsk.) or “ cheybeh ” (Del.) ; and the “ artemisia ” named after
Artemis-llithyia, — or according to others after Artemisia wife of Mausolus (Plin. xxv. 36), prescribed
in Nat. mul. 29, Superfet. 19, 1 Morb. mul. 31, growing according to Dioscorides mostly by the sea281
side, a branchy shrub resembling “ apsinthiS ” but with larger and more shining leaves, is referred
here by Sibthorp and others : the “ shaibah ” of gardens is mentioned by Costa, El Gafeki, and Ebn
Baitar : A. arborescens was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt ; and by Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, in beautiful silvery bushes frequent along the seashore of the Peloponnesus and
foe Greek islands. Westward, the “ artemisia” is prescribed by Scribonius Largus 106, and according
to Plmy xxv. 81 to xxvi. 89 is both used medicinally and worn as a charm : A. arborescens is
described by Dodoens stirp. 21, and Lobel pl. 753 ; is termed “ absinthium arborescens ” by Tournefort
mst. 457 ; and is known to grow as far as Italy and Barbary (Pers., and Spreng.). Is enumerated
by Lmdley among the species that “ have been used medicinally.” (See A. vulgaris).
One hundred and sixteenth generation. Sept. tst, 434, mostly beyond youth": the prophet
Mala chi: the Greek poets. Antimachus of Claros, and Choerilus of Samos : the comic poets, Myr-
tdus, Lysimaclnis, Phrynichus, Lycis, Leucon, Lysippus, Aristomenes, Teleclides, Cantharus, Calilas,
Nicomachus ?, Metagenes, Philonides, and Archippus ; the tragic poets, Theognis, Nicomachus,
Philocles, Agathon, Antiphon, Carcinus, Nothippus, Acestor, Pythangelus, Xenocles, Sthenelus, Morsi-
inus, Melanthius, Morychus, and lophon ; the philosopher, Prodicus of Ceos ; the mimographer
Sophron; the historians, Antiochus of Syracuse, Stesimbrotus of Thasos, Herodicus, Cratippus,
and Herodonis of Pleraclea; the orators, Gorgias, and Andocides ; the sophist Protagoras; the
sculptor, Phidias ; the painters, Parrhasius of Ephesus, Panaeniis, Polygnotus, Mycon, Pauson, Dionysius
of Colophon, Aglaophon, Cephissodorus, Phrylus, and Evenor (Bryan).
433 B- C. = “ 32d year of Artaxerxes ” (Neh. v. 14 to xiii. 6), permission granted by Artaxerxes
to Nehemiah governor of Jerusalem, to again visit that city.
The same y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes having consular power holding the
place of consuls, and M. Aemilius Mamercinus for the second time dictator; the Aemilian law, limiting
the duration of the censorship to eighteen months.
^ “ In this year ” (Sm. b. d.), arrival at Athens of embassies from the Corinthians and Corcyreans
soliciting assistance ; and a defensive alliance formed with the Corcyreans,
Brassica eruca of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain rocket, in France “ roquette ”
(Prior), in Germany “ rauke,” in Italy “ ruchetta” or “ ru ca ” or “ e ru ca ” (Lenz), in Greece
“ aromatos ” or “ éuzómaton ” (Sibth.) or “ ro k a ” (Fraas), in Egypt “ d js rd jir ” (Forsk.), in Egyptian
“ éthrékiken” (Syn. Diosc.); in which we recognize the EY2 Í2MON of Hippolochus, — the
Hippocratic writings. Diodes Carystius, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Athenaeus iv. p. 130, and Galen
fac, alim. ii. p. 639 ; B. eruca was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus
throughout Greece and the Greek islands, frequent in vineyards and cultivated ground and eaten as
greens; by Alpinus, Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt. Westward, the “ éuzómon ”
is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ asoiirik ” of the Numidians, and “ éroukam ” of the Romans ;
the “ eruca ” is mentioned by Ovid, Columella, and Pliny xx. 49 ; B. eruca is termed “ sinapis alterun!
genus ” by Fuchsius 539, “ e. latifolia alba ” by Tournefort inst. 227 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ;
and is known to occur in waste ground as far as Switzerland and Austria (Bulliard pl. 313, and Pers.)!
but in Britain perhaps only under cultivation for it is sometimes termed “ garden rocket ” The seeds
according to Lindley “ may be substituted for mustard, but are less pungent.” (See Sinapis
erucoides).
“ 432, in the S p r in g ” (Sm. b. d.), the Corinthians defeated by the Corcyreans aided by the
Athenians. Revolt of Potidaea from Athens, and in the autumn, a general congress of Peloponnesians
to decide upon war against that city.
“ In this y e a r ” (Ptol. math. synt. iii. 2, and Blair), the earliest Greek astronomical Observation
on record ; the summer solstice observed at Athens under the archonship o f Apseudes by Meton
and Eiictemon, on “ the twenty-first of the Egyptian month Phamenoth, in the morning, being the
27th of June.” Eighteen days later, with “ the new moon of the 15th of July,” the lunar cycle of nineteen
years instituted ; called from one of the observers, the Metonic Cycle.
“ Not before this year ” (Lubke and Lutrow), the temple to Jupiter at Olympia in Greece
completed by Libon of Elis.
“ In this y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), Pericles attacked by the comic poet Hermippus, on the occasion of
Aspasia and in connexion with the impending Peloponnesian war.
Chondrilla juncea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A lettuce-like herb called in
Germany “ knorpelsalat,” in Italy “ lattajola ” or “ lattugaccio ” (Lenz), in Greece “ agrió mastihia”
(Forsk.) or “ k o lla ” (Sibth.) or “ hónthrós ” (Fraas); and the ITAMAS: XONAPON mentioned by
Hermippus — (Athen. xiv.), may be compared: “ honthron” is mentioned also by Aristophanes
vesp. 749: foe “ honthrulla,” by Theophrastus vii. 11. 4 as not fit for food and its root containing
copious acrid juice ; by Dorotheus, as good for cooking and for the stomach (Plin. xxii. 45) ; by
Dioscorides, as sometimes called “ sérithós agrias,” resembling “ kihórió ” in stem leaves and flowers
but smaller in all its parts, and among its branches exuding a “ mastihe ’’-like gum in grains large as