■Mil
ï f
3 5 6 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
banche” killing “ ervum” and “ c ic e r ” by tying around, is mentioned by Pliny xviii. 44. 3 : V. lathyroides
is termed “ v. minima præcox parisiensium ” by Tournefort inst. 397; and is known to occur
in cultivated ground throughout middle Europe as far as Norway (fl. Dan, pl. 58, and Pers.).
Cercis siliquasinim of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English
gardens Judas tree (Prior), in Italy “ albero di Giuda” or “ siliquastro ” (Lenz), in Greece “ agria
xulôkëratëa” (Ernas) or “ kôukôurôvithia ” or by the Turks “ ergavan ” (Sibth.); and the KEPKiC
or KI K i C enumerated among leguminous trees by Theophrastus i. 11. 2 — is referred here by writers :
C. siliquastrum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, one of the most frequent trees from
the Peloponnesus to Smyrna ; by Hasselquist on Lebanon ; and according to CIot-Bey has recently
been introduced into Egypt. Westward, is termed “ siliquastrum” by Tournefort inst. 647; was
observed by Lenz frequent in Italy ; and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers.,
and Daub.).
Sorbus chamaemespilus of the mountains of Europe and adjoining portion of Asia. The AN
GHAONOEIAHC according to Theophrastus iii. 12. 5 another of the three kinds of l dECniAHC
distinguished by the inhabitants of Ida, — is referred here by Fraas : S. chamaemespilus was observed
by Sibthorp, and Griesebach, on mount Athos. Westward, the third kind of “ mespilis ” is described
by Pliny XV. 22 “ anthedoni tamen similius quod gallicum v o c a n t : ” S. chamaemespilus is termed
“ cratægus folio oblongo serrato utrinque virente” by Tournefort inst. 633, “ mespilus chamæme-
spilus ” by Linnæus sp. pl. 685 ; and is known to grow on the mountains of middle Europe (Crantz,
Jacq. austr. pl, 2 31, and Pers.).
Amclanchier vulgaris of the mountains of Europe and adjoining portion of Asia. The wild
CYKH on mount Ida, described by Theophrastus iii. 17. 4 as a shrub with broad leaves in shape like
those of the linden, the flower MECf l lAQAEC, red fruit of the size of an olive but rounder and in
taste also MECÎ I IAûaEC, — may be compared : A. vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains
of Crete. Westward, is termed “ m. folio rotundiori fructu nigro subdulci'” by Tournefort inst.
642, “ mespilus ameianchier ” by Linnæus, “ aronia rotundifolia ” by Persoon ; and is known to grow
on limestone districts from Switzerland to the Pyrenees (Crantz, Jacq. austr. pl 300, Pers., Mohl,
and A, Dec.). A . Cretica, figured by Alpinus exot. pl. 2, termed “ mespilus cretica folio circinato et
quasi cordiformi ” by Tournefort cor. 43, was also observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of Crete,
but is regarded by him as possibly not distinct.
Cratoegus pyracaiitha of the Mediterranean countries. Called in France “ buisson ardent”
(Pe rs.), in Italy “ piracanto” (L en z ); in which we recognize the “ purinan ” or “ purakanthen ”
identified through Syn. Diosc. with the OZYAKAN0 OC:AEI 4>YAAON growing according to Theophrastus
i. 9. 3 to vi. 8. 3 both on mountains and plains, and ripening fruit late in the autumn : — the
“ purakantha” is mentioned by Alciphron fragm. 6 ; the “ oxuakantha” is described by Dioscorides
as resembling the “ ahrathi” but smaller and very spiny with red fruit like myrtle berries : C. pyr-
acantha was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, frequent in the woods of Northern Greece as far as
Constantinople. Westward, a drink made of berries of “ pyracanthae ” was employed in the days
of Pliny xxiv. 70 against bites of serpents : C. pyracantha is described by Matthioli, and Dodoens
(Spreng.) ; is termed “ m. aculeata amygdali folio ” by Tournefort inst. 642 ; was oliserved by Lenz
wild in Italy ; and according to Persoon occurs in hedges in Southern France, “ sempervirens ” and
the globose berries “ autumno amoene coccinei.”
Pyrus cuneifoKa o i the mountains of the East Mediterranean countries. The KHAACTPON
of Theophrastus i, 3. 6 to v. 7. 7, an evergreen tree that does not admit of cultivation, growing in the
highest and coldest situations as well as on the plains, its wood white, — may be compared : P. cunei-
folia was observed by Chaubard, one of the most frequent trees in the subalpine region of Koubeh,
its wood suitable for statues ; is described by Gussone, as observed by him as far West as Sicily.
Cerasus mahaleb oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in France “ cerisiers de
Sainte-Lucie ” (A. Dec.) ; and the A AKA PH growing according to Theophrastus iii. 3. i and 3 to
6 . I both on mountains and plains, deciduous-leaved, and multiplying with the greatest facility, — may
be compared: the “ mahaleb” is mentioned by Arab writers (Spreng.) : C. mahaleb wa.s observed
by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, a small tree frequent from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople.
Westward, remnants of the fruit have been found in debris of the early lake-villages of Switzerland
(Heer) ; the tree is termed “ cerasus sylvestris amara mahaleb putata ” by Tournefort inst. 627;
and is known to grow as far as France and middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pl. 227, Lam. fl. fr., and
Pers.).
Prunus prostrata of the mountains of the East Mediterranean countries. A depressed subalpine
tree or shrub ; and the A i OCf l Y PQ of Theoplirastus iii. 13. 3, having fruit similar in form to
that of KEPACOCbut the nucleus harder,— enumerated among esculents by Galen (Orib. iii. 14),
may be compared : P. prostrata is termed “ p. cretica montana minima humifusa flore suave rubente ”
by Tournefort cor. 43; was observed by him, Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the subalpine summits of the
J l
O F A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 3 5 7
loftier mountains of Crete and Greece, the fruit eaten and red when ripe (in the unripe state figured
by Sibthorp 478 not unlike a plump grain of wheat) ; was observed also by Labillardière pl. 6 on
Lebanon (Pers.). “ Amygdalus incana,” growing on Caucasus (Pall. i. pl. 7), is regarded by Poiret
as identical (Steud.).
Rubus coesius of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain dew-berry from the Anglo-Saxon
“ duua ” dove, in Germany “ tauben-beere,” in Norway “ col-bar” (Fraas) ; and the XAMAI BATON
of Theophrastus iii. 18. 4, extending along the ground and rooting at intervals, ~ mentioned also in
the addition to Dioscorides i. 180, is referred here by Sprengel: R. cæsius was observed by Sibthorp,
and Fraas, on the mountains of Greece and the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, is termed “ r. repens
fructu cæ s io ” by Tournefort inst. 614; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern
Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 1213, and Pers.).
Potentilla speciosa of the mountains of Greece and the Greek islands. An odorous kind of
OINAN0 H growing on the mountains of Cyprus is distinguished by Theophrastus odor. 6 ; — P. •
speciosa is termed “ fragaria cretica saxatilis fruticosa folio subtus argenteo ” by Tournefort cor. 21,
and was observed by Sibthorp on Parnassus and the mountains of Crete.
Cliamaeneriuin angustifolinm of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain willow-herb, in
Germany “ Weidenröschen” (Grieb), in Italy “ camenerio ” or “ sfenice” or “ epilobio” (Lenz); and
the 0 N 0 0 H P A C of Theophrastus ix. 19. i, a large shrub growing on mountains, its leaves like those
of the almond, flower red as in the rose, dried root smelling of wine and mixed in wine to promote
hilarity, — even according to Cratevas mitigating the ferocity of animals (Plin. xxiv. 102), is referred
here by writers : this power of taming animals is attributed by Dioscorides to the “ onagra,” identified
in the added Synonyms with the “ önöurin ” or “ onothuran : ” C. angustifolium was observed by
Sibthorp in shady situations on the Bithynian Olympus ; is known to grow throughout Northern
Asia, and its pith is mixed in a spirituous liquor prepared by the natives of East Siberia and Kanrt-
schatka (Spreng.). Westward, the account by Pliny xxvi. 69 to 87 of the “ oenotheras ” or “ onu-
ris ” seems taken from the Greek : C. angustifolium is described by Cæsalpinus vi. 70 ; is termed
“ chamænerium latifolium vulgare ” by Tournefort inst. 302 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is
known to grow from Switzerland as far as Sweden, where according to Linnæus the young shoots are
eaten (fl. Dan. pl. 289, All., and Pers ). “ C. angustissimum,” termed “ ch. angustifolium alpinum
flore purpureo ” by Tournefort inst. 392, known to grow in Switzerland, and observed by Sibthorp on
mount Athos, is regarded by Persoon as not distinct.
Myrrhis bunium of middle Europe. Called in Britain earth-nut or ground-nut from its nutty
esculent tubers (P r io r ) ; and the M Y P P I C of Theophrastus causs. vi. 13 AAXAN.HPON: EYCTO
MON: KAI: EYOCMON — (Spreng.), having according to Dioscorides the stem and leaves of “ kônëiô
” with a fragrant oblong roundisli root grateful for food, — and identified in the added Synonyms
with the “ murran ” or “ kônilën,” is referred by Anguillara 284 to a cicuta-like plant with -hairy stem
and leaves, anetho-like yellow umbels, seeds of cumini, and a turnip-shaped fragrant root tender and
well-flavoured, observed by him in Greece and Slavonia (Spreng.). Westward, the “ myrrhis ” or
“ myrrham” or “ smyrrhizam ” is mentioned by Pliny xxiv. 97, his account seeming chiefly taken
from the Greek : M. bunium is termed “ bunium majus ” by Gouan ill. p. lo, “ b. flexuosum ” by
Withering; was observed by Persoon frequent near “ Mont d’or in A u v e rgn e ;” and is known to
grow as far as Britain (Huds., and Curt. iond. pb).
Cachrys alata of the region around Caucasus. The MAFYAAPIC seed, called «F YA A 0 N according
to Theophrastus vi. 3. 4, — is referred liere by Sprengel : C alata was observed by Tourne.fort
trav. ii. pl. 121 near Erzeroum, by Bieberstein on Eastern Caucasus.
Thapsia villosa of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ ômôiôplëurôn ” (Sibth.); in
which we recognize the MAFYAAPIC ETEPON of Theophrastus vi. 3. 7, distinguished at once by
experts from the C I A I> I 0 Y, less acrid and devoid of juice, growing not in Cyrene but in Syria, and it
is said also on Pa rn a s su s :— T. villosa was observed by Sibthorp on Patinos and Cyprus. Westward,
is described liy Dodoens, Lobel (Spreng.), and Clusius hist. ii. pl. 192 ; is termed “ th. latifolia
v illosa ” by Tournefort inst. 322, “ t. decussata” by Lagasca; is known to grow in Barbary (Lindl.),
Spain, Portugal, and as far as Soutliern France (Morison ix pl. 18, and Pers.). “ The roots are
acrid and corrosive,” have been “ reputed purgative in a high degree,” but this seems contradicted by
recent experiments (Fëe, and Lindl.).
Ferula nodifora of the Mediterranean countries. The NAP0 HKIA of Theophrastus vi. i. 4 to
2. 8, differing from the N A P 0 H H chiefly in being smaller, — is referred liere by writers : F. nocli-
flora was observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus ; is known to grow also in Asia Minor and as far as Caucasus
(Bieb., and Spreng.). Westward, tlie “ narthecyan ” is distinguished by Pliny as always
depressed : F. nodiflora is termed “ f. minor ad singulos r.odos umbellifera ” by Tournefort inst. 321 ;
was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Desfontaines pl. 253 in Algeria; and is known to grow in Sicily
(Steud., and Spreng.).
f i . .
j
S t
f v;
\ ;•
IF
u
Td. li
■ f!:.
■ •
ft'-':; é
î y