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N ew E n o la n d , a b o u n d in g e s p e c ia lly “ in som e p a r t s w h e r e th e n a t iv e s h a v e p lan ted ” ( a b ^ d o n e d
c lea r in g s “ e x p o s e d to th e su n ) : “ s t r aw b e r y e s ” w e r e s e en b y N ew p o r t o n J am e s i£ e r c , an d f r a g a
a s la r g e an d sw e e t a s in E n g l is h g a rd e n s , b y H a r io t on th e R o a n o k e (D e B r y : ) . £ V .^ im a n a ts
k n ow n to grow on N ew fo u n d la n d an d th ro u g h o u t C a n a d a to S la v e L a k e L a t . 62 (H o o l f e , w a s
o b s e rv e d b y m y s e lf a lo n g th e A t la n t ic from 45° ^ 3 9 ° ; b y P u r sh , from Cana cfa to C a ro lin a ; b y
E l l io t in the U p p e r d is t r ic t o f C a ro lin a an d G e o r g ia ; b y C h apm an , m “ r ich w o o d s £ M ’ S;
s is s ip p i. and n o r thw a rd ; ” b y C ro om , a s fa r a s 30° 30' an d b y B e c k , £ £ th e m ou th o f th e M is so u r i.
T r a n s p o r te d to E u r o p e b e fo r e 1613, is d e s c r ib e d b y B e s le r h o rt. 7 t. 8 f e p r e n g . ) has s in c e b e c om e
a b u n d an tly cu lt iv a te d , fu rn ish in g the m o s t a p p ro v ed g a rd e n v a r ie t ie s ; is p ro b a b ly th e sp e c ie s en u m
e ra ted b y C io t -B e y a s r e c e n t ly in tro d u c ed and s u c c e s s fu lly cu ltiv a te d in E g y p t . Sassafras officinale o f N o r th e a s t A m e r i c a . T h e sassafras tr e e , c a lle d b y th e N a r r a g a n s e t t s
“ s a s a u n c k a p am u c k ” (R . W il l. 16), an d k n ow n from e a r ly tim e s : “ s a s r e f r a s wre
d a s an d B a r low on R o a n o k e is la n d ; “ s a x e f r a s ” w o o d w a s one o f the e a r lie s t a r t ic le s o f renrnrerce
w ith N ew E n g la n d (J. Sm ith n. e . t r ia ls ) , an d a v o y a g e to p ro cu re som e w r e made m 1603 £ 1 n n g .
S. officina le h a s b e e n o b s e rv e d b y m y s e lf, a lo n g th e A t la n t ic from 43 to 38 ; b y S c h w e in it z , a 3 ,
b y C a t e s b y i. p l. 55, and E l lio t , in S o u th C a r o l in a ; b y C h a pm an , in '■ F lo r id a an d n o r t fo ra rd b y
C ro om . a s fa r a s 30° 3° ' i b y F . A . M ic h a u x , from 43° to F lo r id a , an d
to the Missouri ; by Long’s Expedition, as far up the Mississippi re 43 i by E. James at tl e
junction of the Canadian and Arkansas; and was seen by Hernandez at£Iechoacan Lat. 20 n
Mexico. Transported from Florida to Europe, became known “ in £71 £0 Monaides pl. : the
imported bark and wood continue to be employed medicinally (Lmdl.) ; and sresafra wood, im-
Dorted by the way of Greece, was found by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt.
Quercus alba o f N o r th e a s t A m e r ic a . T h e white oak: dried a c o rn s o f th e m a n g um m e n a r t
m a c e ra ted in w a te r fo r fo o d b y the n a t iv e s on the R o a n o k e (H a r . ) ; a cm n s dried an d
b y the N a r r a g a n s e t t s (R . W i l l , k e y .6 ) ; an d “ w h ite -o a k a c o r n s ” to i l e d fo r o d b y th e n a t iy e s of
N ew E n » la n d — (J o s s . rar. 4 7 ) : 0 . a lb a w a s a ls o se en in N ew E n g la n d b y W . W o o d 1. 5 an d Hi -
v e s o n ■ b y F . A . M ic h a u x , from the L o w e r K e n n e b e c and 46° b i C a n a d a to I llin o is , an d a lon g the
A t la n t ic fo 2 8 ° ; b v m y s e lf, from 43° 3° ' to 3 8 ° ; b y E l lio t , m S o u th C a r o l in a ; b y C h " p m £ nr
“ d am p w o o d s , F lo r id a to M is s is s ip p i, and n o r thw a rd ; ” b y D a r b y , on the W a s h i t a u v e i , by N u t to ,
on th e A r k a n s a s ; b y E . J am e s on it s C a n a d ian b r a n ch ; an d b y L o n g s E x p e d i t io n , a s far as 48
Rainy Lake. (See Acer rubrum). . . „„a Juniperus Virginiana o f N o r th e a s t A m e r i c a . T h e red cedar o r American savin, c a lle d b y the
N a r r lg a n + e t t s “ m ish q u aw tu c k ” - (R . W i l l , k e y 16) ; “ s a v in s ’ ’ w e r e s e e n b y C a t o z a d ^ V r e a on
th e N o r th sh o r e o f the M e x ic a n G u lf ; “ c e d ru s ,” b y H a r io t on the R o a n o k e (D e t o y 1.) , th e ceda
tr e e ” b y W . W o o d In N ew E n g la n d , n o t “ v e r y h igh ” and it s wo o d “ m o re d e s ir e d fo r o rn am en t than
s u b s ta n c e , b e in g o f co lo u r red an d w h ite , lik e eu g h , sm e llin g a s sw e e t as jum p e r ; J. V ir g in ,a n a s
kn ow n to g row from L a t. 45° in N e w E n g la n d (K a lm ) an d 50° on L a k e W in n ip e g j
8 1 ) ; h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d b y m y s e lf from 43° 3° ' H o n g th e A t ìa n t .c to 38 ; b y E lh o t , m ^
an d G e o r g ia ; b y C h apm an , “ F lo r id a , an d n o r th w a r d ; ” b y B a r t ram as fa r as £ , f f i f f i # ’
from 44° Tn N ew E n g la n d to C a p e F lo r id a , S t . B e rn a rd ’s B a y , an d in th e W e s t e r n S ta t e ; b y D a i by
n e f f i N a tc h ito c h e s ; b y N u t ta ll, f f i th e A r k a n s a s ; b y E . J am e s , a t the s o u r c e s o f th e A r k a n s a s as fai
D°.ffi(BHfr), th e is la n d o f R h o d e s ca p tu r ed b y th e K n ig h t s o f S t . Joh n ; an d made the
residere^of tos synods at Paris, Mayence, Senlis, Ravenna, and Salamanca. On
the accusations against knights Templars, some of whom were found guilty. nomoleted
The same yffi = “ 718 Hej.,” inscribed in Palestine on the great tower at Ramleh . compieteci
(according to Mejr-el-Din, Kitt. cycl. bibl.) in this year by sultan Naser.
“ In this year” (Humb. cosm. ii., Klaproth gives 1294), the Persian writer Rashid-eddin
riven Z. aquatica was observed in Fox river of Lake Huron by Marquette in 1673 ; and is kn£n to
form beds in inundated situations from “ Lat. 50°” on the Winn.£g R.vre Mrekre^and L£g
Exp ii I I I ) along the Mississippi and its tributaries ; was observed by Nuttal alon the AiU -
iy Sh/rt In Kenfficky ; by my.sdf. from the St Lawrence nere (Juebre to 39° along tto A t i ffi
EUiot, in South Carolina ; by Chapman, in “ Florida, and northward ; and was received fiom I lond
'’ró' E Jj'ripedium acaule o f N o r th e a s t A m e r ic a . T h e moccasin flower oi the r e t iv e s from eaiffi
tim e s f r g r e a t e s te em fo r d e c k in g th e ir h a i r - ( C a t e s b y , and t o l l , p. 486): C . a c a u le
m y s e lf from 48° on th e L ow e r St, L aw r e n c e to 38° in th e D e k w r e e p e n in s f r a ; b y C ro om , n e a r Ne
b e rn ; b y E l lio t , o n ly in th e U p p e r d is tn c t o f C a r o l in a ; ancl b y S h o r t , in K e n tu c k y .
posing his history of the rulers of Cathay. Japan is described under the name of “ Djemen kon ”
(Klapr. note to ann. Jap.).
Raschîd-eddin speaks of “ a kind of stone” in China “ which is used instead of fire-wood”—■
(Yule cath. 261), obviously mineral coal.
“ In this year (= 710 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Cafur sent against the Belal raja of Carnata.
Marching by Deogiri (Dowlatabad) he captured Dwara Samudra the capital, put an end to the dynasty
of Belal, and reduced the territory as far as the seacoast, where he built a mosque at Adam’s Bridge
opposite Ceylon. —The mosque continued standing in the days of Ferishta.
“ 1311, Oct. i6lh” (Alst., and Nicoh), Fifteenth general ecclesiastical Council, Assembled at
Vienne in France. Among other acts. The oatlis of princes were declared to be “ non snbjectionis
sed fidelitatls, not of subjection but of fidelity.”—In a second session “ Apr. 3d,” the Order of
knights Templars was suppressed by the pope, “ reserving to the church the disposal of their persons
and possessions.”
Franciscus of Piedmont may have been at this time writing. He quotes Arnaldus, Asirnius,
Gualterius, and Egidius.
Scabiosa arvensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece “ köuphöla-
hanön,” in Britain with other species scabious, in medieval Latin “ scabiosa” (Prior), in France
“ scabieuse” (Nugent), in which we recognize the SCKblOSe of Franciscus Pedemontium f. 241,
— Urbanus (Trag.), and J. J. de Manliis, regarded as a remedy for all who are “ raudig” or “ grindig”
itchy or mangy (Brunswyck, and Prior) ; S. arvensis is termed “ s. pratensis hirsuta quæ officinarum ”
by Tournefort inst. 465 ; and is known to grow in meads and cultivated ground throughout middle
Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. Iv. pl. 13, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal,
Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus.
“ 1312 A. D, = ‘ hoang-tsing,’ ist year of Jin-tsoung II., of the Youan” or Twenty-second
dynasty (Chinese chron. table). Among other reforms in government, Jin-tsoung II. prohibited the
appointment of eunuchs to political station. He also re-established the “ Tribunal of historians ; ”
taking great pains to collect and preserve historical documents.
“ In this year” (Anger., and Spreng.), Vitalis de Furno, author of a treatise on Materia Medica,
appointed cardinal by pope Clemens V.
“ 1313 A. D.” (Skeat ed. Piers Plowm. n8), by pope Clemens V,, first public sale of Indulgences.
“ In this year” (Blair), the Order of knights Templars having been suppressed, as above stated,
the Grand master Molay with several of the knights burned alive at Paris.
“ The same year” (S. F. Flaven in archæol. Amer. iv. 259), in England, in competition with the
long-established “ German ” company called “ Merchants of the Steelyard,” a home company incorporated,
under the name of “ Merchants of the Staple.”
“ 1314, May 7th ” (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. An article. Forbidding “ ecclesiastical judges to
use vague and general citations.”
“ >315; October” (Nicol.), a synod at Senlis. The bishop of Chalons, imprisoned by Louis X.
on suspicion of being accessory to the death of Philip IV. le Bel, was released and his possessions
restored.
Thlaspi bursa-pastoris of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain shepherd's-purse (Prior),
in Italy “ borsa pastore” (Lenz), in which we recognize the b LIPS Km p KSt 0 r I S of the Liber
Saladini, — and J. Jacobi de Manliis : T, bursa-pastoris is termed “ bursa-pastoris major folio sinuato ”
by Tournefort inst. 216, and is known to occur as a weed in Italy and throughout middle and Northern
Eurojre as far as Lapland and Iceland (fi. Dan. pl. 729, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, seems figured
in the Vienna manuscript of Dioscorides 38 (Cockayne, and myself) ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and Fraas, frequent in Greece and on the Greek islands and called “ tzöurkas ” or “ tragia.”
Farther South, was observed by Plasselquist in Palestine ; and is known to occur in Abyssinia (Rfrh.).
Farther East, is known to occur in Per.sia, Nepaul, and throughout Siberia to Daouria and Kamtchatka
(Don, Dec., and Ledeb.) ; was observed by Wight in Tropical Hindustan ; and by Thunberg
in Japan, frequent on the margin of fields and along roads and called “ neko no samsin..” By
European colonists, was carried across the Atlantic to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized
and a frequent weed throughout our Atlantic States as far as Florida (Chapm.), following the
fur traders Nortliward as far as Great Bear Lake (Hook.), and Westward as observed by myself to
the trading-posts of Colville and Fort Nisqually in Oregon : also by European colonists was carried
to the Straits of Magellan and Chili (Dec., and Beechey) ; to Austral Africa, and to the Mauriiius
Islands (Harv,, and A. Dec.).
“ 1316 A. D.” (Nicol.), a synod at Adena in Armenia. Tlie decrees of the synod of Sis, For the
te-union of the churches of Armenia and Rome, were confirmed.
Aug, 7th ” (Alst., and Nicol.), after an interval of “ two years,” Clemens V. succeeded by car