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682 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
“ 10S4A. D. = 7th year of the ‘ youati-foiuig ’ of Chin-tsoimg” (Chinese chron. table), beginning
of the Sixty-third cycle.
The poet Damodara* among the many writers patronized by the Hindu king Bhoja or Vicrama —
(Bhoj.-Prab., and H. Wils. ind. dram. ii. 373).
“ 10S5, January” (Nicol.), in a synod at Rome, the excommunication of Henricus IV. by Plilde-
brand declared null. “ May 25th,” death of Hildebrand.
Instructions for the use of oil in painting “ accipe semen lini,” given by the monk Teofilo, called
Ruggiero. — An oiTpainting by Filippo Tesauro dated “ 1309,” is extant; also another, somewhat
later, by Stefanone (Bryan diet, paint.).
“ 10S6 A. D. = ‘ youan-yeou,’ ist year of Tchi-tsoung, of the Soung” or Twenty-first dynasty
(Chinese chron. table). The “ Ten precepts,” each in two Chinese characters, were composed and
presented to him by his minister Liu-koung-tchu.
“ In this )'ear” (Humb. cosm. ii.), the Chinese statesman See-ma-kuang writing his poem “ The
Garden.”
“ May 24th” (Alst, and Nicol.), cardinal Desiderio, under-the name of Victor III., elected
second pope. *
In this year (Pouchet), Constantinus Afer writing on Medicine. — He died “ in 1087.”
Gentiana acaulis of the alpine portion of Switzerland. Called there “ bitterwurz,” by the Italians
“ gariofonaria,” and the “ cantábrica” of Constantinus, — and Zwinggerus, is referred here by
Gesner ii. fig. 86; G. acaulis is termed by him “ g. minima floribus maximis,” and vvas observed by
him on the higher portion of the Alps ; by myself, on the crest of the St. Gothard Pass ; is termed
“ g. alpina magno flore ” by J. Bauhin iii. 523, “ g. grandiflora ” by Persoon. (See Convolvulus cantábrica).
Pastinaca secacul of the East Mediterranean countries. The 0 CuLC6 A of Constantinus
352— is referred here by Sprengel; the “ secacul” of the Arabs is mentioned by Christoph, de
Honestis comm. Mesul; P. sacacul was observed by Rauwolf, and Russel, in Syria, brom transported
specimens is described by Miller, and Ventenat hort. c. pl. 78.
“ 1087 A. D.” (ann. Jap., and art de veHf.), Surakawa succeeded by his second son Foricawa,
now seventy-third dairo of Japan.
“ The same year ” (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Leo Hostiensis.
“ 108S, March 12th ” (Nicol.), Victor I I I . succeeded by Otho of France or Urbanus II., third
pope. William II. Rufus ruling England; and Philip, France.
orbicular leaves ” (Graham); and the “ syadanantotpala,” with which the “ syama” is identified in
the Amara-cosha, — is according to the commentator a name arising from the flowers of the “ syama”
(Ichnocarpus) resembling those of the “ utpala,” an aquatic plant : the “ utpala ” is mentioned also
by Susrutas, ancl is referred to this tribe by W. Jones as. res. iv. 263 : V. Indica vvas observecl by
Rheede xi. pl. 28 in Malabar ; by Graham, in “ tanks throughout the Concans ; ” by Roxburgh, in
Eastern Hindustan ; is known to grow also on Ceylon (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried
to Austral Africa, and to Jamaica (Sloane pl. 252, and Pers.).
Hydrolea Zevlanica of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. An annual herb calleci
in Sanscrit “ languli ” (Pidd.), in Bengalee “ kauchra ishalangulya ” (Drur.) or “ isholangolya ” (W.
Jones) ; in which we recognize the “ langali ” of the Amara-cosha, — ancl Susrutas sutr. 36 to chik. 8:
H. Zeylanica was observed by Rheede x. pl. 28 in Malabar ; by Graham, on “ margins of tanks
throughout the Concans; ” by Burmann pl. 2, W. Jones as. res. iv. 270, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury,
in marshy places as far as Ceylon and Bengal, the leaves beaten into a pulp applied to ulcers ; by
Mason, in Burmah ; and is known to grow as far as Java (Linn. mant. 54).
Piper cltaba of the Malayan archipelago. Imported island long pepper is called in Sanscrit
“ chuveya” (Pidd.) or “ chuvee ” or “ chuvyung” or “ chuvika” or “ cliuvikung” (Roxb.), in Bengalee
and Hindustanee “ choee” (Pidd.) or “ chayi ” or “ chava ” ( W . J o n e s ) , in the Taleef Shereef
“ chaab” (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize the “ chavya ” or “ chavica ” of the Amara-cosha —
(W. Jones as. res. iv. 303), and Susrutas sutr. 44 to chik. 37 ; P. chaba or its fruit was seen by Jordanus
in “ India the Greater,” by Nicolo Conti on “ Sciamuthera ” (Sumatra); the living plant is
described by Rumphius v. pl. n6, and was observed in the Malayan archipelago by Blume. According
to Lindley, “ its properties appear to be the same as those of Piper longum.”
* Chonemorpha dichotoma of Eastern Flindustan. A twining Apocynous plant called in Sanscrit
“ vishulya-krit” (Pidd.); and the “ visalya” of Damodara lianum.-nat. 13, a drug from the mountains,
— mentioned also by Su.srutas sutr. 25 to chik. 15, may be compared : C. dichotoma is described
by Roxburgli ii 19 as observed by him in Bengal. “ From Bengal,” was introduced by Nimmo into
the environs of Bombay (Graham).
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 683
“ The same year” (Blair), the Northern division of Portugal wrested from the Muslims by
Alplionso VI. of Castile, and bestowed by him on his son-in-law Henricus. The origin of the independent
kingdom of Portugal.
“ 10S9 A. D. (= 481 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), end of the reign of Ibrahim, sultan of Ghazni.
“ 1090 A. D.” (Alst.), Samuel Marochianus, a convert from Judaism to Christianity, writing
against the Jews.
“ Towards the close of the Eleventh century” (Hyde relat. vet. Pers. 209, and Pouchet), the
calendar not having been corrected in Persia for more than “ four thousand ” years, the astronomers
were assembled by Melek Shah ; and one of them, Omar Cheyam, found the length of the solar year
“ 3Ó5d. sh. 48m. 48s.”
“ 1091 A. D.” (Nicol.), a synod at Leon in Spain. Gaulish writing vias, “ substituted for that
of the Goths in the books of the church ; ” and the Liturgy of Isidorus, ordered to be “ made conformable
to that of Rome.”
“ In or about this year ” (Garc. de la Vega, and addit. art de verif), Sinchi-Roca succeeded by
his son Lloque Yupanqui, now third Inca of Peru, Who changed the policy hitherto pursued, raised
an army, and extended his dominion by military conquests.* — According to G. de la Vega i. 2. 18,
he conquered and annexed the district of Canas, South of Cuzco.
“ 1092 A. D.,” as appears from Karmatic-inscriptions on the building (copied by Marcel p. 116),
the nilometer at Rhoda repaired.
“ The same year ” (Nicoh), by a synod at Szabolchs in Hungary, a code o f laws, civil and ecclesiastical,
compiled.
“ 1093 A. D.” (Nicol.), a synod at Rheims. Robert, earl of Flanders, was “ compelled to resign
the appointments of clerks ; ” and a bishop was promised to the clergy of Arras by pope Urbanus II.
“ The same year” (Lubke and Lutrow), building of the church at Laach on the Rhine commenced.—
“ After many interruptions,” the edifice was completed “ in 1156.”
“ 1094, March iith and 12th” (Nicol,), decision by a synod at Rockingham castle, That “ the
archbishop of Canterbury should not promise obedience to, or request the pall ” (mantle of state)
“ from pope Urbanus II. without the king’s consent.”
“ The same year” (art de verif.), Mostanser succeeded by Mostaali, of the Fatimite dynasty,
sixth sultan of Egypt.
“ 1095, March ist to 7th ” (Nicol.), a synod at Plaisance in Lombardy. Aid against the Muslims
was requested by the Byzantine emperor : inaugurating the Crusades; the first one now beginning
to be preached by Peter the hermit throughout Europe.
“ The same year” (Nicok), a synod in England. Against Anselm archbishop of Canterbury, who
had received the “ pall ” from pope Urbanus II. “ without the king’s consent.”
“ 1096, February ” (Nicok), a synod at Rouen in France. Among other canons instituted, was one
prohibiting “ the wearing of long hair.”
“ In this year ” (Siu. b. d.), arrival before Constantinople of tlie first Crusaders ; an undisciplined
body of men under Peter the hermit; they were allowed to pass into Asia, where they were massacred
by the inhabitants.
“ 1097 A. D.” (Sm. b. d.), a powerful army of Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon advancing
into Asia, enabling the Greek emperor Alexius Comnenus to extend his authority over all Asia
Minor.
Malva Tournefortiana of the Mediterranean seashore. Called in Greece “ molloha,” or by the
Turks “ Eebedjuraez ” (Forsk.) : the TTpna-ofinKoxa enumerated as esculent by Hierophilus the sophist
De alim,, — mentioned also in anon. De mens., may be compared : M. Tournefortiana was observed
by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Gittard, in calcareous soil along the seashore from the Peloponnesus and
Greek islands as far as the Dardanelles, Westward, is termed “ alcea minor maritima tenuifolia procumbens
” by Hermann par. pi. 2, “ a. maritima galloprovincialis geranii folio” by Tournefort inst.
98; and is known to grow on the seashore of Southern France and Spain (Lam. fl. fr., Cav., and
Pers.).
Laserpitium aquiiegifolium of the East Mediterranean countries. The mfrepoKvfiLvov of Hierophilus
the sophist De alim., — may be compared ; L. aquiiegifolium was observed by Sibthorp in shady
woods on the Bithynian Olympus; and farther North and West, is known to grow on stony hills in
* Ilex Paraguayensis of the Upper Paraguay. A shrub indi^pnous there, and its leaves called
“ maté ” or Paraguay tea collected from early times and drank in infusion, cultivated besides for the
same purpose by the natives, — the cultivation continuing in the same district to the present day (A.
Saint-Hilaire, and A. Dec.). Transported to Rio Janeiro, was seen under cultivation by A. Saint-
Hilaire, and is termed “ cassine gongonha” by Martius (Lindl.).
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