u I
888 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
“ The same y e a r ” (A. Dec. geogr. bot. p. 874), arrival of Garcias at Goa.
“ In the middle of the Si.xteenth century” (Kobell iv.), in Bohemia, staining glass with cobalt
ores, discovered by Christopher Scliiirer of Flatten. — This stained glass pulverized, forms the pigment
sold under the name of “ s m a l t or cobalt-blue.”
“ In the days of their ancestors” (according to the account of the natives to Dillon ii. p. 112,
Hale ethnogr. Expl. Exp.), Tikopia Island invaded by “ five large canoes from Tongatabu, the crews
of which committed great ravages.”
“ 1551, F ebruary ” (art de verif.), arrival of the jesuit 'François Xavier at court in Meaco : after
“ fifteen days,” he returned without obtaining audience : and “ Nov. 20th,” left Japan for the Indies.
On reaching his destination, and sending three of his colleagues^ jesuits, to Japan, — François Xavier
left Malacca for China, and died “ Dec. 2d 1552” at the isle of Sancian on the coast of Ouantong.
“ In this y e a r ” (Schmied.), letter from Gesner to Benedict. Aretins ; and Aretius sending plants
to Gesner, including “ anckenballen damasonii aliqua sp e c ies” 235 C y p r i p e d i u m c a l c e o l u s (Gesn. ii,
% • 63). — He died “ in 1578.”
D e n t a r i a p e n t a p h y l l o s of the mountains of middle Europe. Termed “ wilder senfF foliis quiñis”
by Aretius as sent to Gesner ii. fig. t, “ d. digitata” by Lamarck; described also by Matthioli 684
(Spreng.), and Gouan ill. 42 ; and known to grow on the mountains of Switzerland (Pers.).
As early as this year (Matthiol. comm. D. ii. 163), Anguillara corresponding with Matthioli, also
enumerating “ fior di velluto ” C e l o s ia c a s t r c n s i s .
“ 1552 A. D.” (Alst.), in Germany, Augsburg captured, and other successes of the Protestants.
“ The same joear ” (Robertson ii, 388, and Plolmes), discovery of the rich s i l v e r mines in Mexico.
“ 1553 A. D .” (Pauth. 407), the coasts of China infested by Hoang-tchi ; a pirate chief commanding
a fleet of “ a liundred sea-going vessels.”
“ May loth ” (Asher edit. Huds., and Churchill coll.), sailing of Hugh Willoughby in command
of the first Northeastern Expedition sent out by the “ Merchant Adventurers.” “ Aug. 14th,” he discovered
land in “ 72° N.” (Nova Zembla) : and “ after losing the company of his other two ships,”
entered the harbour of Arzina in Lapland : there were “ no inhabitants, but thinking to have wintered
there,” all on board “ were frozen to death.” Of the other ships, one commanded by Richard Chancellor
succeeded in getting to the inhabited Bay of St. Nicholas or the White Sea, “ being the first
ship ” (since the days of Other) “ that ever came upon ” the North coast of Russia.
“ July 6th ” (Alst,, and Nicol. 337), death of Edward V I . of England, after naming a successor;
vainly attempting to exclude his sister Mary, who was a Catholic.
“ October” (Alst. p. 391 and 557), at Paris, many Protestants burned alive. And at Geneva,
Michael Servetus burned alive by the Protestants ; for maintaining “ nullam esse in deo realem gene-
rationem aut distinctionem ” there is no real generation nor distinction of persons in God.
“ The same y e a r ” (Alst ), end of the chronicle of Johannes Funccius.
As early perhaps as this year (see Spreng.), Anguillara travelling throughout Italy, Corsica,
Sardinia, Illyria, Sclavonia, the Greek islands and Crete, meeting with A t r i p l e x v e n e i a on the strand
of the Adriatic, C y t i s u s s p i n o s u s on Corsica 62, “ caccialepre ” of the Italians 109 M u l g e d i u m p e r e n n e ,
B u n i u m C o p t i c u m 130, C e n t a u r e a c r o c o d i l i u m 141, R a n u n c u l u s p h i l o n o t i s 17S, N e p e t a n e p e t e l la 202,
“ doricnio ” 270 D o r y c n i u m h e r b a c e u m , C y n a n c h u m a c u t u m 274, ‘ polígala ” 290 P o l y g a l a f l a v e s c e n s .
A r u m t e n u i f o l i u m of the Mediterranean countries. Observed by Anguillara not far from Rome,
as well as in Dalmatia and the Peloponnesus, and communicated to Matthioli pl. : — described also
by Clusius hist. ii. pl. 74 (Spreng.) ; and known to grow in Southern France near Montpelier (Pers.).
I b e r i s u m b e l l a t a of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain C a n d y - t u f t o r C a n d y -
m u s t a r d (Prior) from supposed Cretan origin, in Italy “ tlaspi a mazetti ” (Lenz) ; described by
Anguillara p. 17t (Spreng.) ; observed by Lenz wild in Italy; known to grow also in Spain and as
far as France (Pers ). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues
under cultivation as a garden flower.
As early at least as this year ( . . . . ) , Lopez de Gomara writing.* — His work was published
in Spanish at Antwerp in “ T554.”
* M im o s a p ú d i c a of Tropical America. The s e n s i t i v e p l a n t described by Lopez cle Gomara —
(C. Bauhin), and Martinus del Barco (Barcia, and Spreng.), received also by Commelyn hort. i. plag
from Brazil. Farther West, was carried by Polynesians to the islands of the Pacific, observed by
myself a frequent weed on the Taheitian, Samoan, and Tongan Islands ; by C. Acosta, ancl myself,
throughout the Malayan archipelggo ; by Mason v. 432 to 771, “ e xo tic ” in Burmah and called “ hte-
ka-yung,” cultivated by the natives, but besides naturalized ; by Gardner (bot. mag. 1848), a weed on
Ceylon ; by Roxburgh, in Hindustan ; by Graham, “ in gardens common ” around Bombay and called
“ lajalu ” or “ lajuck.” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, wliere it continues
in greenhouses, and according to Chapman, has become “ partially naturalized in some localities” in
our Southern States.
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 889
M y r o s p e m n u m t o l u i f e r u m of the Caribbean terminus of the South American Andes. The tree
yielding b a l s a m o f T b l u , mentioned by Lopez de Gomara — (Spreng.) ; growing on the “ mountains
of Turbaco near Carthagena, and extremely common in the high savannahs of Tolu ” (L in d l) , ancl
seen wild by Humboldt and Bonpland vi. 375. From transported specimens, described by Miller
diet. I, and Woodville. The product according to Lindley is a “ warm sweet fragrant solid stimulant
balsam,” used in “ coughs, chronic pulmonary complaints and on account of its flavour.”
“ ' 554- January” (Alst.), arrival in England of an embassy from Charles V., seeking the hand
of queen Mary for his son Philip. The proposal was resisted by the people and many of the nobility,
even to insurrection ; which proving unsuccessful, the queen’s half-sister Elizabeth was imprisoned
on suspicion.
“ July 25th ” (Nicol. p. 337, compare A is t ) , marriage of Philip and queen Mary. Many persons
in consequence of the national change in religion, seeking refuge in Denmark and afterwards in
Germany,
In this year (Tourn. trav. iii. 257), Astrakan on the Caspian acquired by the Russians.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), after the Italian edition of his commentaries on Diosc., Matthioli publishing
a more complete edition, enumerating A s t r a g a l u s h a m o s u s 641, C i r s i u m M o n s p e s s u l a n u m
817, M e r c u r i a l i s t o m e n t o s a 634, M u s c a r i m o s c h a t u m , P o l e n t i l l a n e m o r a l i s 674, S a n t o l i n a s q u a r r o s a
513, T a n a c e t u m a n n u u m , “ fava salvatica ” V i d a N a r b o n e n s i s , “ lunaria maggiore” H i p p o c r e p i s
u n i s i l i q n o s a , “ nardo italiano” L a v a n d u l a d e n t a t a , “ pentafillo bianco” P o t e n t i l l a m u l t i f i d a , “ salcio
detto Vinchi ” S a l i x a m y g d a l in a , O r n i t h o p u s s c o i p i o i d e s 895, S a x i f r a g a n i v a l i s (Bauh. Iiist. iii. 684),
S a l v i a t r i l o b a 711 (Gesn, ii. fig. 23), S a x i f r a g a c u n e i f o l i a (Gesn. ii. fig. 37), C o r t u s a M a t t h i o l i 698,
“ phyteuma” C a m p a n u l a p e r s i c i f o l i a , C z a c k i a l i l i a s t r u m 607, H y o s c y a m u s S c o p o l i a 753, P l a n t a g o
W u l f e n i i 54, “ buglossum alterum flore nigro” 826 L y c o p s i s p u l l a , “ verb, secundum” 800 V e r b a s c
n m p u l v e r u l e n l u m , “ myriophyllura alterum” 812 H o t t o n i a p a l u s t r i s , “ meum” 24 A t h a m a n t h a
M a t t i n o l i , M e u m m u t e l h n a 25, T o r i l i s n o d o s a 404, “ caucalis” 298 T o r i l i s H e l v e t i c a , “ ligusticum
primum ” 547 L a s e r p i t i u m p e u c e d a n o id e s , “ seseli aethiopicum ” 550 “ L a s e r p i t i u m l i b a n o t i s , “ epipactis
” 806 A s t r a n t i a e p i p a c t i s , L i n u m m a r i t im u m y 3 \ , L . t e n u i f o l i u m 334, S i l e n e s a x i f r a g a 6 9 ^ ,
C o t y l e d o n s e r r a t a 787, “ cneorum Theophrasti ” 872 S a p o n a r i a o c y m o id e s , “ ledum ” 160 C i s t u s
l e d u m , “ aconitum quintum” 765 R a n u n c u l u s G o u a n i , “ ran. quartum ” 458 A n e m o n e n a r c i s s i f l o r a ,
“ ran. sextum” 459 T r o l l i u s E u r o p a e u s , “ aconit, quartum” 764 A c o n i t u m P y r e n a i c u m , “ aconit,
septimum” 765 A c o n i t u m v o l u b i l e , “ stachys prima” 605 S i d e r i t i s S y r i a c a , O r o b a n c h e e l a t i o r 1)0 9,
“ draba lu te a ” 430 E r y s im u m j u n c e u m , “ geran. quintum” 623 G e r a n i u m r e j l e x u m , “ securidaca
minor” 641 T r i g o n e l l a p o l y c e r a t a , L a c t u c a q u e r c in a 400, C a c a l i a a l p i n a 8 2 3 , “ cirsium” 817 S a u s s
u r e a a l p i n a , “ conyza minor” 629 P u l i c a r i a o d o r a , “ asarina” 370 T u s s i l a g o a l p i n a , “ absinthium
marinum primum” 509 A r t e m i s i a c o e r u l e s c e n s , “ helichrysum ” 753 C h r y s a n t h e m u m I t a l i c u m ,
“ alisma” 666 D o r o n i c u m p l a n t a g i u e u m , “ alterum” 762 D . A u s t r i a c u m , “ aster atticus a lte r” B u p h t
h a lm u m s p i n o s u m , “ arum” 448 A r u m p r o b o s c i d e u m , Q u e r c u s p s e u d o s u b e r 181, “ nymphaea parva”
644 H y d r o c h a r i s m o r s u s - r a n a e .
S e d u m d a s y p h y l l u m of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed “ sempervivum
minus femina” by Matthioli 785— (Spreng.), “ s. minus folio circinato ” by Tournefort inst. 263, —
and known to grow on rocks from the department of Calvados to the Mediterranean (Wacliend. nltr.
391, Lam. fl. fr , Pers., and A. Dec.) : observed by Sibthorp on the rocks of Crete and mount Parnassus.
In Britain, is first noticed by Dillenius “ in 1724,” and is regarded as exotic, confined to
walls and the close vicinity of gardens (Wats., and Bromf.), but occurs both on walls and calcareous
rocks near Cork in Ireland (Mackay, and Power).
L i g u s t i c n m P e l o p o n n e n s e of tlie mountains of middle Europe, from Carniolia to the Cevennes in
France. The “ seseli peloponnense ” of Matthioli 551 — is referred here by Sprengel: L. Peloponnense
is described by Linnæus, and Scopoli ; and is known to grow in woods on the above-mentioned
mountains (Jacq. austr. v. pl. 13, Hacq. carniol. pl. 5, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.); but farther South, has
not been oliserved in Greece ; and according to Ciot-Bey and Figari, has only recently been introduced
into Egypt.*
* C e r a s u s ( L a u r o c e r a s u s ) L u s i t a n i c a of America ? Described by Matthioli 197 — (Spreng.),
MiUer pl. 196, and Dillenius elth. pl. 159. Received from Portugal (but evergreen cherries, Laurocerasi,
have been observed by myself indigenous only in America) ; C. Lusitanica is termed “ lauro
della Pensilvania” by Gallizioli (Targ.), and the descriptions by Aiton and others agree with L .
C a r o l i n ia n a .
L e d u m p a l u s t r e of Subarctic climates. The “ rosmarinum sylvestre” of Matthioli 5 7 6— (Spreng.),
mixed in beer, and sent from North Germany by I. A . Cortiisus and A. C. Nissa to Dodoens pempt. 3- pl- 5; clearly corresponds ; L. palustre is described also by Linnæus ; is known to grow in
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