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discourses of Budha with his pupil Ananda : — branches with leaves and fruit figured in cave-temples
at Ellora were remarked by my self: the “ an-mo-lo ” was observed in Hindustan by Hiouen-Thsang,
the “ aniba ” by Jordanus, the “ anba ” by Ebn Batuta, the “ amba ” by Nicolo C on ti; M. Indica by
Garcias, C. Acosta, Rheede, and Graham ; by myself, abounding throughout the low country and but
for the fine quality of the fruit readily mistaken for an indigenous forest-tree. Farther East, is said
by the natives to “ grow wild ” in Burmah, and is enumerated as indigenous by Mason v. p. 447; was
observed by Loureiro in Cochinchina, but is known in China and caUecl “ mong-kwa ” (Bridgm.) ; is
called in Tagalo “ manga,” and was observed by Blanco, and myself, on the Philippines ; has only
Sanscrit and Telinga names on Java and the neighboring islands (Crawf.), is regarded by Blume as
exotic there and only naturalized, and was introduced within tlie memory of man into some remote
portions of the archipelago (Rumph. i. p. 95, and A . Dec.). Westward, the “ ambag ” is mentioned
by Ebn Haukal (Gildem.) ; M. Indica was observed by myself abundantly planted on Zanzibar ;
fruit brought to Mocha, produced as appears from Forskal in Yemen ; and seeds occurring even in
Egypt. By European colonists, M. Indica was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Bojer) ; to Brazil,
and thence in the middle of the Eighteenth century to the West Indies, where it is called mango
(Hughes p. 177, and Macfad. i. p. 221) ; to the Hawaiian Islands, where at the time of my visit the
trees were not full grown: is described by J. C. Scaliger, and C. Bauhin, from transported .specimens.
“ M. sylvatica ” regarded by A. Decandolle as perhaps not distinct, was observed by Vaupell “ near
Kennery caves ” in the environs of Bombay (Graham), by Roxburgh i. p. 644 on the Eastern border
of Hindustan in Sylhet ; and is enumerated by Mason v. p. 447 and 774 as indigenous in Burmah,
distinguished by the natives and said by them to “ grow wild.” *
Ficus religiosa of Tropical Eastern Asia. The poplar-leaved f ig is called in Sanscrit “ pippula”
or “ bodhi-drooma” or “ chuladula” or “ koonjurashuna” or “ aswattha,” in Bengalee “ a sw a t” or
“ asood,” in Telinga “ rai,” in Cingalese “ bogaha ” (Lindl.), in Hindustanee “ pippul,” in Tamil
“ arasum-marum ” (Drur.); in which we recognize the “ bodhi ” tree under which Gautama discoursed
— (Sutra Mandhatri) ; also the “ iSron aigSirdna” in the days of Artemidorus on the African side of
the entrance to the Red Sea (Strab. xvi. 4. 14), carried there by Banyans or Hindu merchants : F.
religiosa, introduced by them, was observed by myself at Muscat and on Zanzibar. Eastward, the
“ pi-po-lo ” was seen in Hindustan by the Chinese traveller Hiouen-Thsang 8 : F. religiosa in Hindu
mythology is the second “ .shadow-giving” tree on mount Meru, and from Guadama’s dream while
* Skorea robusta of Tropical Hindustan. The said tree is called in Hindustanee and Bengalee
“ sal,” in Sanscrit “ uswukurnika ” or “ sala ” (Lindl.) ; in which we recognize the “ salas ” woods of
the Sutra Mandhatri,-— and the “ s a la ” of the Institutes of Manu viii. 246, Bhavabhuti mal. ix., Kali-
da.sa ragh. i. 14, and the Vishnu purana ii. 7 : S. robusta is known to grow from the Godavery to the
Ganges at Hurdwar and along the base of the Himalaya as far as the Brahmaputra, sometimes exclusively
occupying the forest (Roxb. cor. iii. pl. 212, Royle, and Bedd.) ; yields tiie resin known as
dammerm the bazaars of Bengal, and its timber is highly valued and in very general use, being
stronger than teak but not so durable (Drur.).
Syzygium jambolanum of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A large and handsome tree called
in Sanscrit “ jambu” (Pidd.), in Hindustanee “ jamoon,” in Bengalee “ kallajam,” in Telinga “ nare-
doo,” in Tamil “ n aw e l” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ jambool” (Graham); in which we
recognize the “ djambu” under which Gautama was sometimes seated — (Avadan. Asok., and Burn,
i. 38s), also the fourth and last*“ shadow-giving ” tree on mount Meru in Hindu mythology (Mason v.
415): the “ djambu” is mentioned also by Vaimiki ramayan. iv. 44 (transl. Gorr.) ; the rose-apple
black with the ripening of its abundant fruit, by Bhavabuti maha-vir. v ; and the “ kakajambu” of
Susrutas chik. 24 is referred here by Hessler: S. jambolanum is described by Rumphius i. pi. 42;
was observed by Rheede v. pl. 29 in Malabar; by Graham, “ in various parts of the Concan ” and
“ the commonest tree on the table-land of Mahableshwur,” its fruit having “ an astringent rough flav
o u r ’’ “ sold in the b a z a r s ;” by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far as Tinnevelly and
Bengal, its timber valuable. Farther East, according to Mason p. 451, 511, and 745, seems known to
the Burmese, ancl may yield the bark “ used as a mordant for blue and black dyes ” and the “ small
black plum ” often “ seen in bazar.”
Eragrostis? cynosuroides of Tropical Hindustan. Called there “ cusa ” or “ cusha ” (W. Jones);
in which we recognize “ Kusigramaka,” the name o f a city in the Sutra Mandhatri, — and the
“ k u sa ” grass of the Vedas, or “ darbha ” of the Atharva Veda; eating with the tip of a blade of
“ k u sa ” grass is mentioned'in the Dhammapada 70; cinctures of “ kusa” are mentioned in the
Institutes of Manu ii. 43 ; and the “ kusa ” or “ darb’ha ” is prescribed medicinally by Dhanvantari
(stanzas in Susrut. chikits. 5): E. cynosuroides was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay ;
by Koenig, Retz, and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan as far as B en ga l; and according to W.
Jones asiat. res. iii. 255, its leaves are very long, serrated, and sharp-pointed.
1
sleeping beneath one is “ the most sacred of trees with the Buddhists ” (Mason v. 415 to 424) ; was
observed by Rheede i. pl. 27 in Malabar; by Graham, in the environs of Bombay, “ always to be met
with planted about temples ; ” by myself, around temples and villages to the end of my journey inland ;
by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan, the natives very unwilling to
cut it down, and the seeds leaves and bark employed medicinally. Farther East, was observed by
Mason indigenous in Burmah, and called “ nyoung-bau-de; ” and is known to occur in Tropical
China, paintings on the dried leaves being often exported. (See F. populifolia).
“ 562, March ” ( = 562 y. 28|%| d. = 597 y. 3S3A% d- — “ 3 7 * year ” of twelve lunations, “ the
twelfth month on the seven and twentieth of the month ” 2 K. xxv. 27, and Jerem. lii. 31), at Babylon,
Jehoiachin released from prison by Evil-merodach “ in the year that he began to reign,” and provided
with a “ daily ” maintenance from the royal table (according to oriental custom with captive kings, as
witnessed by myself at Zanzibar. The date deduced by Clinton i. p. 319 to 329 from the Astronomical
canon does not correspond, being “ 561, Jan. n th ” for the accession of Ilvarodamus or Evil-merodach.
See below).
560 B. C. ( = 538 + “ 17 + o y. 9 mo. + 4 years,” and after reigning “ two years,” Beros. m Jos.
c. A. i. 20), Evil-merodach slain, and succeeded as king of Babylon by his brother-in-law Neriglis-
soor. — W ho reigned “ fo u r ” years. (See above).
“ In this y e a r ” (Lacharme note to Chi-King i. 5. 7), Siang-kong reigning in China* (see birth
of Confucius).
“ The same y e a r ” ( Clint.), at Athens, supreme authority usurped by Pisistratus who however
continued to administer the government according to the laws of Solon. Pisistratus is regarded
as the first Greek who collected a Library (A. Gell. vi. 17, and Athen. i,). This he rendered accessible
to the public. He also caused the poems of Homer to be collected, collated, and written out in
a connected form, under the charge of Onomacritus, Zopyrus, Orpheus of Croton, and Concylus ;
the earliest instance on record of editing books.
Cirsium acarna of the Mediterranean countries. A fhisile called in Greece “ agri aggatho ”
(Forsk.) or “ agriagkatha ” (Fraas) or “ aspre agk atha ” (Sibth.) ; and the extensive “ akanthóthés ”
tract ordered to be cleared by Cyrus while inciting the Persians to re v o lt— (Herodot. i. 126) may
be compared : the “ agriagkathon ” is identified by Skarlatos with the “ poluakanthos ” of Theophrastus
vi. 4. 3; C. acarna was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, abounding from the Peloponnesus
throughout the Greek islands to the Dardanelles, according to Chaubard often so abundant on
arid plains as to prove impenetrable ; is known to grow also farther East. Westward, the “ polya-
canthos ” is enumerated among pubescent thistles by Pliny xxi. 56 : C. arcana is termed “ C. poly-
cephalos canescens aculéis flavescentibus munitus ” by Tournefort inst. 451, and is known to grow
as far as Spain (Cav. i. pl. 53, and Pers.).
Onopordum Illyricum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ agkathi ” or “ gaitliar-
agkatho” (Sibth.), and possibly the thistle in question :— the “ akantha” having dry pappus according
to Theocritus iv. 50 and vi. 15, is referred here by Hogg: O. Illyricum was observed by Forskal,
and Sibthorp, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to the Dardanelles, according to
Chaubard one of the most abundant thistles, and when the stem hardens in the autumn rendering
certain places impassable. Westward, is termed “ carduus tomentosus acanthi folio angustiori ” by
Tournefort inst. 441 ; was observed by Hogg in S ic ily ; and is known to grow also in Southern France
(Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.).
“ 559 B. C.” (Herodot, and Clint, i. p. 180, 204, and 259), Astyages succeeded by his son Cyrus ;
who uniting Media, founded the Persian empire.
In the “ fir s t” year of the reign of Cyrus (2 Chron. xxxvi. 22, and Ezr. i. to vi. 5), a decree issued
by him, granting the Israelites permission to rebuild their temple at Jerusalem.
Carissa edulis of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen “ antur” or “ arm,” and the h q V arn
planted in Babylonia according to the later Isaian prophecies xliv. 14, — may be compared: the
“ a ran ” according to Abu’ffF ad li (Celsius, and Kitt. cycl. bibl.) is “ said to be a tree of Arabia
Petrma, of a thorny nature, inhabiting the valleys, but found also in the mountains, where it is however
less thorny ; the wood is said to be much valued for cleaning the te e th ; the fruit is in bunches
like small grapes; the berry is noxious while green and bitter like galls ; as it ripens it becomes red,
then black and somewhat sweetish, and when eaten is grateful to the stomach, etc., and seems to act
* Cydonia Sinensis of Eastern Asia. A species of qinnce ; the “ coignassier” of a Tcheou nan
ode — (Chi-King i. 5. 10) may be compared ; C. Sinensis was observed by Bunge under cultivation
in Northern China, its fruit inferior in quality (A. Dec.). Westward, was carried to Bengal (Roxb.
ii. 512) ; and by European colonists to the environs of Bombay (Graham). From transported specimens,
is described by Poiret, and Thouin.
r - 1-