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580 CH R O N O L O G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
“ In this y e a r ” (Humb. cosm. i.), a c om e t ; the second one whose orbit is known from Chinese
observations.
“ 540 A. D . ” (Clint.), hy Belisarius, Ravenna captured, and Witiges taken prisoner, and conveyed
to Constantinople. Ildibad was now elected sixth Gothic king of Italy.
“ In this y e a r ” (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Zin-qua succeeded by his brother Kin-mei, now thirtieth
dairo of Japan.
“ S4i A. D . ” (Procop., and Clint), accession of Eraric, seventh Gothic king of Italy. l ie reigned
“ five months ; ” and in “ autumn” was succeeded by Totilas. Coins of Totilas are extant.
“ The same year ” (Clint.), end of the annual consulships ; Fl. Basilius being appointed sole consul.
— The next “ twenty-four” years were numbered in his consulship.
“ 542 A. D . ” (Malal , and ZXioX.), p e s t i h i i c e ; beginning in Egypt at Alexandria, and gradually
extending, — Eastward in the following year to Persia, and Westward to Italy; spreading over and
desolating all parts of the known world.
“ The same y e a r ” (Usher) in Britain, king Arthur slain in battle at Camelon in Cornwall. ' He is
said to have been succeeded by Constantine : — who was buried close by Uther within the structure
of stones called S i o 7ie k e n g e (Geoff. Monm. xi. 4).
“ 543 A. D . ” (Procop., and Clint), capture of Naples by the Goths under Totilas; who next
besieged Dryus, and marched towards Rome.
In the most ancient times, according to Peruvian tradition (Salcam. edit. Markh. 70), “ all the
nations of Ttahuantin-suyu came from beyond Potosi In four or five armies arrayed for war,” and
“ settled in the different districts as they advanced.” After the country became peopled, the land
proved “ insufficient, there were wars and quarrels, and all the nations occupied themselves in making
fortresses, and every day there were encounters and battles.” At length there arrived “ a bearded
man ” called Tonapa or Tarapaca, having “ long hair,” dressed “ in a rather long shirt,” and travelling
with a staff. He “ spoke all languages,” performed miracles, healing by touch, and taught “ the
natives with much love.” His teachings were in general not much regarded, by some of th"em were
recorded by “ marking and scoring sticks.”
On visiting the town of Tiyahuanacu, Tonapa found the inhabitants drinking and dancing, and as
they would not listen to him, denounced them : on his departure, “ all the people who were dancing
were turned into stones, and they may be seen to this d a y ” (Salcam. 73, see also C. de Molina)"^
The great unfinished buildings at Tiahuanaco, regarded as the most ancient in Peru, are composed of
huge blocks of stone, some of them “ thirty-eight feet by eighteen and six deep ” (Acost. vi. 14. 419),
and brought from a distance. — The district was conquered by Mayta Capac, the fourth inca (Mark,
edit. Ciez. p. 378).
On the Vinaque river not far from Guamanga on the Peruvian Andes remains of “ great and very
ancient edifices,” built (according to the natives) by “ bearded and white people” wlio “ many ages
before ” the incas came to these parts “ and formed a settlement here.” — They resembled the European
strangers, and the buildings together with some others seen by Cieza de Leon Ixxxvii “ were
square,” and not “ long and narrow ” like those of the incas.
Further (according to tradition among the inhabitants of the Collao), before their country was
conquered by the incas, one of their two great lords Sapana and Cari found upon the large island in
Lake Titicaca “ a white people who had beards,” fought with and exterminated them — (Ciez. C.).
In the anterior a g e s , * ~ o r perhaps “ inthe time of the Toltec monarchy” (Humb.), Mexico
visited by Ouetzalcohuatl, a bearded white man, accompanied by other strangers wearing black garments
in the form of cassocks (compare the black dress of the Anamese, and Terminalia catappa used
for dyeing black on the Philippines).
^ A q u i l e g i a fom n o s a of Northwest America. A species of c o lu in b ijie , its root from early times
eaten by the natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Mertens on Norfolk Sound; and received
from Northwest America by Fischer ; but regarded as possibly not distinct from A. Canadensis.
A c h l y s t r ip k y l la o i Western Oregon. From early times used medicinally by the natives, in
decoction for pain in the breast— (R. Brown jun.) : growing according to Plooker at the mouth of
the Columbia.
A c e r m a c r o p h y l lum of Western Oregon. A jn a p ie called by the Cowichans “ kammalelep ” (R.
Brown jun.), and from early times used for making paddles, gambling disks and polished sticks : —
observed by Lewis and Clark on the Columbia river (Pursh) ; and according to Hooker, confined to
the mountains along the coast from 50° to 40°.
A c e r c ir c in a tu fn of Western Oregon. The v in e m a p le , from early times used by the natives for
making bowls — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Lewis and Clark at the rapids of the Columbia ; by
myself, tangling swamps between the mount Rainier ridge and the Pacific ; and according to Hooker,
grows along the coast from 49° to 43°.
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 5 8 1
“ 544 A. D. = loth year of the ‘ ta-thoung’ of Wou-ti V. ” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of
the Fifty-fourth cycle.
The Tchouds or Tchoudaki, ancient gold miners whose diggings are scattered over the Ural
C u p r e s s u s N u t k a n u s of Alaska. A cy p r e s s , from early times used for making bowls and boxes
by the Tsimpsheans — (R. Brown jun.): received from Northwest America by Fischer, and termed
“ thuiopsis borealis.”
V ic ia g i^ a 7i/ea of the Columbia. A species of v e t c h , its seeds from early times eaten by the
natives — (R. Brown jun.) : received by Flooker from the Columbia river.
R o s a f r a x i 7i i f o l ia of Western Oregon. From early limes, its young shoots eaten by the natives
— (R. Brown jun.) : growing according to Hooker only along the Pacific.
R u b u s N u t k a 7iu s of Alaska and Oregon. From early times, its tender shoots eaten by the
natives, and its berries collected and dried— (R. Brown jun . ) : observed by Mertens at 57° on
Norfolk Sound ; and according to Hooker, grows along the Pacific from 43° to 50°, also at the sources
of the Columbia.
R u b u s s p e c ta b i l is of Alaska and Western Oregon. The s a b n o 7i-b e r7y , its fruit from early times
collected and dried by the natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Lewis and Clark on the Columbia
(Pursh); by Menzies, along the Pacific; by Mertens, at 57° on Norfolk Sound; and according to
Hooker, grows on Unalaska.
P y r u l u s r i v u l a 7-is of Alaska and Western Oregon. The A l a s k a c ra b a p p le , its fruit from early
times collected by the natives and preserved in bags — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas, and
according to Plooker, growing from the Columbia to Nootka and Northward.
C e r a s u s 77i o l l i s of Northwest America. The O r e g o n c h e r r y , its fruit from early times eaten by
the natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas, and according to Hooker, growing at the
mouth of the Columbia and at its source.
M e g a r h i z a O r e g a n a of Western Oregon. A prostrate bryony-like Cucurbitaceous plant, its huge
root from early times placed in ponds by the natives to stupefy deer coming to drink— (R. Brown
jun.) : observed by myself in the flowery prairies around Fort Nisqually, its root sometimes a yard in
diameter.
R ib e s d iv a r i c a t u 77i of Alaska. From early times, its berries collected and dried by the natives —
(R. Brown jun.): observed by Douglas common along the Pacific from 48° to 52° (Hook.).
H e u c h e r a c y li? id r ic a of Oregon. From early times among the Nisqually tribe, bruised and
applied to boils— (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas west of the Rocky mountains (Hook.).
E u l o p h u s le io c a r p u s of Western Oregon. Perhaps the “ peucedanum leucocarpum” whose stem
has been eaten from early times by the natives — (see R. Brown jun.). E. leiocarpus was received
by Hooker from Fort Vancouver, near the mouth of the Columbia.
E z i lo p h u s t 7'i t e r 7ia iu s of the Columbia river. Its “ fusiform root ” from early times eaten by the
natives, “ baked or roasted” — (Pursh); observed by Lewis and Clark on the Columbia.
F e r u la z iu d ic a u l i s Co\\xvdo\Ax\vt'c. Its tops from early times boiled by the natives “ in
their soups ” — (Pursh) ; observed by Lewis and Clark on the Columbia.
L ig u s t i c u 77i S c o t i c u 77i of the Subarctic seashore. The s e a lo v a g e known from early times to the
natives of Northwest America, and its green stem eaten — (R. Brown jun.) : known to grow from the
mouth of the Columbia along the Pacific to Bhering’s Straits, also in Labrador (Hook.) and from 67°
in Greenland (W.ats.) ; was observed by Hooker in Iceland; by Lapylaie, in Newfoundland; by
Michaux, at the mouth of the St. Lawrence ; by myself, along the seashore of New England as far as
41° 30' at the mouth of Narragansett Bay. Eastward, across the Atlantic, was observed by Sibbald in
Scotland (Spreng.); is described also by Plukenet aim. pl. 96 (Pers.) ; and is known to grow on the
Plebrides, and on the seashore of Norway, Lapland, and Northern Siberia (fl. Dan. pl. 207, Dec.,
and Wats.).
G a u l t h c r ia s h a l lo 7i of Western Oregon. Called “ sa la l ” (R. Brown jun.), and its berries from
early times collected and dried by the natives : — observed by Menzies along the Pacific ; by Lewis
and Clark, at the falls of the Columbia ; by myself, a shrub two to three feet high, forming patches
around Puget Sound.
V a c c in iu i7i o v a l i f o l lu 77i of Oregon. The l e b r o u plant, its berries from early times made into
acake, considered a dainty by the natives — (R. Brown jun.) : V. ovalifolium was observed by Menzies
along the Pac i f ic ; by Lewis and Clark, on the Columbia (Pursh).
V a c c in ium s a l i c in u 77i of Alaska. The berries of various species of Vaccinium, from early times
collected and dried by the natives of Northwest Amer ica— (R. Brown jun.). V. salicinum was
observed by Chamisso on Unalaska.
P i n u s 771071/ ic o la of Oregon. From early times its bark used for weaving blankets, and its wood
for the long wooden spoons with which the le brou cake is supped— (R. Brown jun.).
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