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664 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
“ The same year” (Blair), the succession to the German empire made elective by Otto III.
“ The same year” (art de verif.), Aziz succeeded by Hakem of the Fatimite dynasty, third sultan
of Egypt. A gold coin issued by Hakem is figured in Marcel 104.
“ In this year ” (= 975 + “ 2t years reign ” of Mahavams. Ixiii.), Wicramabahoo succeeded by
his son Parackramabahoo, now king of Ceylon.
“ 997'A. D. (=387 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Noah or Noh succeeded by Mansur IL , eighth
Samani king of Bactria.
“ Within a month” (Ferisht., and Elph.), death of Sebektegin, ally and friend of Noah. After
contests for “ seven months,” Mahmud obtained the government of Ghazni.
“ 998 A. D. = ‘hian-ping,’ ist year of Tchin-tsoung, of the Soung” or Twenty-first dynasty
(Chinese chron. table). Reprinting of the ancient books for distribution throughout the Empire, was
ordered by the emperor Tchin-tsoung— (Pauth.).
“ 999 A. D.” (Alst , and Nicol.), at Rome, Gregorius V. succeeded by Gerbert, under the name
of Sylvester II. seventy-seventh archbishop. Gerbert was one of the first among Europeans to direct
attention to the writings of the Arabs.
“ In this year (= 389 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Mansur II. dethroned and blinded at Bokliara,
through intrigues at court. Mahmud of Ghazni now ordered the name Samani to be left out of the
public prayers, declared himself an independent sovereign, and receiving investiture from the khalif
assumed the title of “ sultan” (an old Arabic word for king).
“ 1000 A. D.” (Alst. p. 216), in Hungary, Stephanus ruling as duke, made king. Regarded by
Hungarians as the beginning of the Third dynasty.
“ The same year” (Nicol), Garcia III. succeeded by Sancho I I I . the Great, as king of Spain.
“ The same year” (Rafn, Major gives “ looi ” ), from Greenland sailing Westward in search of
the land seen by Bjarne fourteen years previously, Leif son of Erikus Rufus reached the described flat
land covered with trees, and named it “ Markland” (i. e. Woodland). He thence continued on a day
and night with the wind Northeast, to an island near the coast (Anticosti?). Here or in the neighbourhood,
he wintered and called the country Vinland;* finding abundance of salmon, and cutting
down trees to load his vessel. The days and nights were more equal than in Greenland, the shortest
day consisting of eight hours (as understood by Thormodus Torfmus, and Wormkiold, placing the
locality “ in N. Lat. 49°”)-
“ In this year = 927 an. jav.” (Madura trad., N.ita Kasum., and Raffles x.), death of Panji, and
accession of Maisa Lalean as king of Java. Abandoning Jang’gala, Maisa Lalean established his seat
of government at Koripan.
His brother Chamara Gading sailing with a party established himself on Celebes ; and is supposed
to be identical with Sawira Gading, the first prince of whom the Bugis accounts make
mention.
One hundred and fifty-ninth generation. Jan. ist, looi, onward mostly beyond youth : the Persian
poet Ferdusi : the Arab writers, Ebn Jounis (Pauth. 313), Al Biruni (d. after 1038) : the Greek
writer Leo grammaticus d. about 1013 : Fulbertus, Burchardus, Berno Augiensis ; Aimoin of Fleury.
“ In this year (= 391 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), third Muslim invasion of Hindustan. “ Nov.
27th,” Jeipal of Lahore defeated near Peshawer and taken prisoner by Sultan Mahmud : who continued
his march across the Panjab to Batinda, wliich he captured and plundered, and returned with the spoils
to Ghazni.
“ 1002 A. D.” (Alst, and Nicol.), Otto III., after an interregnum of “ four months,” succeeded by
Henricus II. Claudus, fourth emperor of Germany and Italy.
“ Nov. 13th, Sunday” (Blair), general massacre of the Danes in England.
“ The same year” (Rafn), sailing from Greenland Westward, Thorwald brotlier of Leif reached
the wintering-place in Vinland (mouth of the St Lawrence). — The following summer, in proceeding
“ occidentale terrae latus circumire, around the West side of the land,” Thorwald found the sea “ valde
iiisulosum,” full of islands (the Mingan Isles) ; and on an island far Westward, met with a “ wooden
* Vitis cordifolia of Northeast America. The uiinter grape probably the species found in the
new country by Tyrker, a German companion of Leif; — Adamus Bremensis some seventy years later
speaks of a country “ by the Danes” called “ Winland, eo quod ibi vites sponte nascantiir ” (grapes
growing spontaneously being unknown in Europe) : a large isl ind below Quebec was named by Jacques
Cartier “ Bacchus Island” from abounding in wild grapes (Forst. discov. North), fruit of V. cordifolia
was observed by myself in the Quebec market, but beyond tliis island I could not find any Vitis on the
Lower St. Lawrence, nor in New Brunswick, nor even in Nova Scotia. V. cordifolia was observed by
Beck near Caslleton, Vermont; by myself, along the Pemigewasset as far South as 43° 40', and planted
near a dwelling on the Androscoggin ; was received by Hooker from Lake Winnipeg Lat. 52.°
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 665
kornhjalmr” (corn-shed ? for maize), but saw no other signs of inhabitants, nor of wild beasts. The
next summer, 1004 A. D., he followed the Eastern sliore and passed over to the land in the North,
where, seeing three canoes, each containing three persons, he captured two of tliem and killed tliose
on board (Iroquois?). He was attacked soon afterwards by the natives in a large number of canoes,
and mortally wounded with an arrow. The civilization of the Aymaras,* around the Southern extreme of Lake Titicaca, more ancient
than the time of the Incas. They divided their year into “ ten months ’’ — (Ciez.) ; and their language,
still in use, differs from the Quichua though having the same grammatical construction. The gospel
of St. Luke was translated into Aymara and published by Pasoscanki, a native ; and an Aymara
grammar by P. Ludovico Bertonio “ was published at Rome in 1608” (Markh. edit. p. xxxvi).
By the Peruvians, two quadrupeds reduced to the domestic state : the lama (Auchenia) for a
beast of burden, and the Guinea-pig (Cavia) ; also one bird, .4 nas moschata.
The rats called “ ucucha” abounding from early times at Panama and in the coast towns of Peru —
(G. de la Vega ix. 22) doubtless the black rat, Mus rattus. This species, introduced by returning
ships, had become naturalized in Europe and is described by Gesner, but is regarded by Linnæus,
and Pallas, as an American animal; and by Bartram, and Bachman, as indigenous in Norlheast
America, occurring not only in the settlements, but among “ the rocks of the Blue mountains remote
from all human dwellings” (Kalm trav. ii. 47).
“ In this year ” (Wilford as. res. ix. 157, and Elph.), suicide of Chaitra-pala or Gepal or Jeipal,
unsuccessful in battle against the Muslims under sultan Mahmud. He was succeeded by his son
Mahendra-pala or Anang Pal, now tributary Hindu king at Lahore. — The raja of Batia, on the
Southern side of Multan, refusing to pay his share of the tribute, was defeated by sultan Mahmud,
ancl also committed suicide.
“ 1003 A. D.” (Alst., and Nicol), at Rome, Sylvester II. succeeded Joannes X V III. ; and before
the close of the year, by a cardinal, now Joannes X IX . seventy-ninth archbishop.
“ The same year” (Kufic inscript., and Wilk. theb. and eg. 299 ancl 547), building at Cairo of
the mosque of Hakem ; the arches all pointed. In a Kufic inscription over the door, Hakem is
“ treated as a prophet:” besides persecuting Christians, he founded a new religion; — being the
Druse prophet of the sect so-named, now confined to Lebanon.
“ 1004 A. D. (= 395 A. H.” of Ferisht, Elph.). Abul Fatteh Lodi, Muslim ruler of Multan,
having revolted and in alliance with Anang Pal and mountain tribes raised an army, defeated near
Peshawer by sultan Mahmud. Multan was soon besieged, but after “ seven days” its submission
was accepted by Mahmud, called away by news of a Tartar invasion.
“ In this year” (quart, rev. for 1870), Ælfric appointed abbot of Peterborough, — and in “ 1023,”
archbishop of York.
Scirpus maritimus of the seasliore and Interior salines of Temperate Climates. Called in
Britain sp urt-grass,and made into SpyrTZcll baskets, employed as appears from Ælfric coll. for
catching fish — (Prior) : S. maritimus is described by Bauhin hist. ii. 495 (Spreng.), and Tournefort
inst. 527 ; was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary ; by Brotero, in Portugal ; ancl is known to grow
along the Mediterranean ancl Atlantic as far as Sweden, also in wet places more or less saline in
the Interior (fl. Dan., Lam. fl. fr.. Fries, and A. Dec.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constantinople; by Forskal, in Egypt and called
“ depsjæ ” (Del ) ; is known to grow in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb.) and in Siberia (Kunth).
Farther East, is known to grow along the Pacific shore of North America and throughout Canada
(Hook. fl. bor, ii. p. 230) ; was observed by Baldwin along the Lower Missouri (Torr.) ; is known to
grow at the Salina salt-springs in New York (A. Gray) ; and on the Atlantic seashore from Lat. 43°
to Florida (Mx., Pursh, Muhl, Ell., and Chapm.). In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to grow
from Senegambia (Kiinth) to Austral Africa (E. Mey.), Australia (R. Brown), and New Zealand
(Raoul). By European colonists, may have been carried with the salt manufacture to the Hawaiian
Islands, where it was observed by Beechey voy. p. 98.
Potamogetón lucens of Northern climates. With other species called in Britain pondwced or
greeds, and tie Anglo-Saxon g r K e Ó translated U L V A in /Elfric’s glossary — is referred to this tribe
by Prior: P. lucens is termed “ p. foliis latis splendentibus” by Tournefort inst. 233 ; was observed
by Desfontaines in Barbary ; and is known to grow on the Azores (Wats., ancl A. Dec.), and
* Buddleia coriacea of the country around Lake Titicaca. A stunted crooked tree called “ ccolli ”
(Markh.), and known from early times : — observed by Markham p. xxxv one of the two trees “ few
and far between ” on the bleak Collao table-land containing Lake Titicaca.
Baccharis sp. of the country around Lake Titicaca. A low slirub, from early limes furnishing
fuel:—observed by Markham “ in some places on the Collao table-land.”
84
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