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2 6 2 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
or 20ildmarjoram (Lindl.), in France “ origan ” (Nugent), in Germany, “ dosten ” in Italy “ regamo ”
or “ origano” (Lenz), in Greece “ rigani ” or “ riganon” (Sibth.), m which we recognize the
OPirAWO/Vof Epicharmus, — Ion, the comic poet Plato, Aristophanes eccles. 1022, TimOTheus,
Archestratus, Sotades, and the Arcadian kind of Athenaeus ii. 77 : 0 . vi0 are was observed by Sfo-
thorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos ; and is known * 0 ° + + U
as Central Asia (Lindl.). Westward, the “ origanum” is mentioned by C o lum e« i.x. 4- -irorl
bees and their honey, by Pliny xxi. 29 as coronary, by Palladius as cultivated : O. vulgare is described
by Brunfels, and Valerius Cordus (Spreng.); is termed “ o. sylvestre by Tournefort mst. ©8 , was
observed by Lenz wild in Italy, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmaik
(fi. Dan. pl. 638, and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to 7
has become naturalized, observed by myself in wild situations m our Middle ^0 + i J J
according to Lindley yields oil o f thyme, “ a common remedy for toothache ; mixed also with olive
the Mediterranean countries. Calfed fo Greece “ W ; - + /®
Turks “ sater ” (Sibth.), and possibly included in the “ origanon of Epichamus ; - the 0 7 7
of Tenedos, celebrated by the ancients (Athen. i. 50), is identified by Forskal with a species »bse+ed
on that and a neighbouring island, resembling O. vulgare but its r tw e r s congested ^robile^
0. Smyrnæum is described by Tournefort inst. 199; was observed by Sibthorp arorod Smyrna, and
among heath around Constantinople; and “ O. Syriacum” of Syria is regafoed by Fraas as 0 t
distinct. Westward, “ O. glandulosum ” having the aspect of 0 . vulgare and observed by Desfontaines
ii. p. 27 on the Atlas mountains, is also regarded as not distinct. _
Lavandula spica oi the Mediterranean countries. Called in Bxxtaxn French lavender f x U h ),
in Italy, “ spico gentile” (Spreng.), in Greece “ >^>>togërikôhôrtro ” (Sibth ) ; rod
IÍ.YOW of E p i c h a r m u s , -T h e o p h ra s tu s vi. 8. 3, Athenaeus ,1. 83, U d o e Í s nl I v f is
by Hesychius; rod copied “ tiphyon ” by P lin y . L. spica ,s desmbed by ^ 0 0 ^ " P j q f o "
te rm ed “ ! latifolia” by Tournefort inst. 198; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the
Peloponnesus and on the Greek islands ; by Forskal, near Marseilles; and / U "
parts of Southern Europe and in Barbary (Pers., and Lm d l) . Probab y y The nhnt
carried to Hindustan, observed by Law “ in gardens Belgaum near Bombay (& a h ro i) . The jdant
according to Lindley “ is not employed medicinally, bnt yields ” ml o f spike, used by painters on
porcelain and” in “ varnishes for artists.” (See L. stoechas). _ zp -„gV tn
R u m e x patientia of Europe A species of dock called in Britain patience or passions^^ (Prior) n
France “ patience” (Fée), in Italy “ pazienza” or “ lapazio ” or “ romice / „ f
Germany “ gemiis-ampfer,” in Greece “ xunethra” (Fraas); in which we recognire the A A F A eO ^ of
Epicharmus, - Diodes, Athenaeus ii. 57 * 83, esculent and single-rooted according to / U + r a s t u s
1. 6. 6,' and the “ lapathon këpéutôn” of Dioscorides: R. patient.a vvas « s e r v e d by + d
Fraas sprinring up spontaneously in gardens and fallow ground in the Peloponnesus. Westwarel,
fo eU m e U rU r in g “ lapathum” fs incUcated by Pliny xix. 54 to xx. 86: R.
Dodoens pl 648; is termed “ I hortense folio oblongo, sive secundum Dioscoridis by Tmirnefort
S i 504 ; conUnles occasionally cultivated, and is known to grow wild in Italy and as far as Germany
(Pers., and A. Dec.). By European colonists, was carried before 1669 (Jossel.) to Northeast America,
Z u t Z T p Z s ' o i Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The curled dock is cdled + / rro ce
“ patience crépue ” (Fée), in Germany “ hasen-ampfer ” (Fraas), in Greece “ lapatho ” (S ,b th ) ,
possibly therefore the “ lapathon ” of Epicharmus : - the “ lapathon öxulapathon / 7 0 0
Lcordino- to Dioscorides, hardened and somewhat pointed at the summit, is referred here by writers ,
the “ lap lthon ” is enumerated by Manetho among tlie ingredients of the Egyptian k ^ i i incense
(Plut. i!, and osir.) ; and according to Pliny xx. 85. leaves and roots o ‘ , 0 0 / /
making “ pastillos,” the leaves redder and more acute than in^ the sativo kind and ti e s e « s
employed medicinally: R. crispus is termed “ 1. folio acuto crispo by Tournefort mst. 5 0 4 , was
observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in moist places fronr the
out Greece, a'nd eaten as a potherb ; is known as a weed in moist ground from Italy to Britain (I e rs ,
Lenz and Lindl). Eastward from Greece, was observed by Thunberg frequent in Japan alon„
roadsides and on the margin of cultivated ground and called “ gisigisi.” By European colonis s, was
carried to Northeast America, where in our Northernand Middle States it has become na ura ize
rod* a v e r / om m o n weed in cultivated rod waste grounds” (A. Gray).
Lindley is “ astrinrent” and is employed “ in decoction or ointment as a cure for the itch. _
Chamcerops humilis of the West Mediterranean countries. The palmetto or c fo r f ^ m is
called b y X L b s “ w a k l” and its fruit “ mokl ” (Spreng.) ; the esculent E A 0 A N of Epicharmus
- ( A t h L . i l 71) may be compared; the “ ph5in ix ” by some called “ élaten_ or ^^spathen bein
according to Dioscorides the involucre of the fructification: the “ hamairriphëis is describe y
«
Theophrastus ii. 6. 1 1 as a singular kind of palm growing on Crete and more abundantly on Sicily,
continuing to flourish after the brain is removed, and when cut to the roots giving out new shoots ;
the fruit of “ hamaizëlôn phöinikön ” is mentioned by Dioscorides i. 149; the “ palma agrestis,” by
Cicero, verr. v. 33; “ palma campestris” by Columella iii. 1 .2 ; and the “ palma elate ” of Pliny
xxiii. 53 has “ germina folia corticem ” buds leaves and bark : fruit of a “ Chamæriphis ” was found
by Delile in th e drug-shops of Eg yp t: C. humilis is described by Anguillara p. 71, Matthioli, and
Cæsalpinus ; was observed by Desfontaines ii, p. 436 in Barbary ; by Hogg in Sicily, covering hills
like furze ; is known to grow also in Southern Italy, Sar'dinia, the Balearic Islands, and Southern
Spain, the roots and base of the young stem eaten (Pers., and A. Dec.) ; is besides sometimes
cultivated, and was seen by Forskal in the Montpellier garden. By European colonists, was carried
to Madeira, where it has become naturalized (Lemann) ; perhaps also to the Greek islands of Corfu
and Zante (Martins).
“ 482 B. C.” (Sm. b. d.), C. Julius Julus and Q. Fabius Vibulanus, consuls at Rome, marching
unopposed against the Veientes and laying waste their territory.
Artemisia queen of Halicarnassus and the neighbouring islands, a vas.sal but voluntarily preparing
to join the Persian fleet with “ five beautiful ships ” (Herod., and Paus. iii. 11. 3). Her brother
or son Pigres is regarded as the author of the Batrachomyomachia (Plut. malign, her. 43, Suid.,
and Sm. b. d.).
Mentha sylvestris of Europe and Northern Asia, as far as the Altaian mountains. Called in
Britain horse mint or brook mint ox water mint (Prior), in Italy “ sosembro matto ” (Pollin.), in
Greece “ kalamithra” or “ agriôëthuôsmôs ” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ habaqbaq” (Del), in Egyptian “ sou-
manas” (Edw .); in which we recognized the KAA A M I N Q H of Pigres batrach., — and “ kalaminthë
tritë ” of Dioscorides resembling “ ethuösmö a g r iö ” but larger and its leaves longer : M. sylvestris
was observed by Sibthorp, and Link (Chaub.), frequent in moist situations in Greece ; by Forskal, and
Delile, in Egypt ; by Forskal, in Yemen ; is known to grow also about Taurus and Caucasus (Royle).
Westward, the “ sisymbrium silvestre ” not more than a foot high and by some called “ thymbraeum,”
is mentioned b)' Pliny xx. gi : M. sylvestris is described by Tragus f. 8, and Anguillara (Spreng.) ;
was observed by Pollini in Italy ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark
(fl. Dan. pl. 484, and Pers,). Eastward from Caucasus, is known to grow among the Altaian
mountains, and the Himalayan as far as Cashmere (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl).
Calamintha ojfcinalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain calamint
(Prior), and according to Fraas frequent in the ditches of A tt ica ; possibly therefore the “ kalaminthë”
of Pigres batrach., — and Aristophanes: C. officinalis was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas,
from Attica to mount Athos and Constantinople. Westward, the “ calamintha” employed in cookery
by Apicius, is referred here by Dierbach, and others : C. officinalis is described by Rivinus monop. ;
is termed “ c. vulgaris vel officinarum Germaniæ ” by Tournefort inst. 194 ; and is known to grow in
stony places from Austria Italy and Spain as far as Britain (Scop., Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Engl. bot.
pl. 1676). Is according to Lindley “ aromatic and slightly bitter,” used “ by country people in the
form of tea as a grateful fever drink.” (See Mentha tomentella).
“ 481, April igth ” = first day of the Fifth month in the 39th year of Khing-wang” (Chinese
annals, Gaubil, and . . . ), eclipse o f the sun.
“ In the autumn ” (Sm. b. d.), arrival of Xerxes at Sardis. Osthanes, earliest commentator on
the Magian doctrines, accompanying Xerxes — (Plin. xxx. 2).
Anchusa paniculata of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ buglossa ” (Lenz), in
Greece “ vöuthöglössön ” (Sibth.) or “ vöithöglössa” (Fraas); in which we recognize the “ vöuglössön ”
identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian “ antön ërinvësôr,” the “ gônôs ailöuröu ” of the prophets,
and :§ANNOYXI of Os th an e s :— the “ vöuglössön ” is described by Dioscorides as resembling the
“ phlömö,” its leaves spreading over the ground, rough with prickles and like an ox’s tongue: A .
paniculata was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus frequent throughout
Greece. Westward, the “ vöuglössön'’ is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ vouthalla”
of the Dacians, “ ansanaph ” of the Numidians, and “ löggaivöum” or “ liggoua vövöum ” or “ liva-
nin” of the Romans: A. paniculata is described by Brunfels i. p. i n (Spreng.); is termed “ b. angustifolium
majus fiore cæruleo ” by Tournefort inst. 134 ; was observed by Retz obs. i. p. 12, and Lenz,
in Italy ; and is known to grow as far as Madeira (Pers.).
Borago officinalis of Persia. Called in Britain borage, in France “ bourache” (Prior), in Germany
“ borretsch ” (Grieb), in Greece “ vouraza ” (Forsk.) or “ armpëta ” (Sibth.) or “ arnôpëtra”
(Lowndes), in Egypt “ lissan et tor ” ox’s tongue (Forsk.). and therefore possibly the “ sannouhi ” in
question: — the belief in “ vöuglössön” causing “ ëuphrôsunôn” hilarity if placed in wine, mentioned
by Dioscorides, Pliny xxv. 40, and Plutarch sympos. i, seems at least the origin of the medieval
proverb “ ego borago gaudia semper ago : ” the “ lisan ebtour ” is described by Avicenna as an herb
with broad leaves rough to the touch as well as its branches, the best having calloso-hirsule leaves
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