lit
78 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
.'■1!
The stars perhaps already mapped into constellations : — Tables of constellations occur in
Egyptian tombs under the Twentieth dynasty (Champoll.) ; and certain constellations are mentioned
by Homer, and in Job xxxviii. From a remote period, the names of several constellations continue
unchanged ; translated merely into different languages.
2441 B. C. ( = 2442 calendar years = : 2609 — “ 53 — 7 — 100 - f 6 — i — 12 ” of the
Afr.-Maneth. table), accession of the Tenth dynasty. The name of king Nuantef has
not te en found on contemporaneous monuments: — but occurs in later times, in the
chamber of kings at Karnak.
Fifty-sixth generation. Sept. ist, 2434, mostly beyond youth :
Amegalarus or Megalarus, of Pantibiblis, reigning at Babylon — (Berosus in Algx. PolyhisL,
Euseb., and Syncell.).
Nuantef succeeded by his brother Nuantef I I .; whose name occurs on contemporaneous
monuments — (Leps. k. pi. 10), and on his own coffin (now in the British
museum).
Fifty-seventh generation. Jan. ist, 2400, mostly beyond youth :
“ 2397 B. C. = beginning of the Fifth cycle ” (Chinese chron. table, further referred
to the “ 39th year of Tikou ; ” but clearly too early for his accession).
Chin-noung, the successor of Fou-hi, may have been at this time ruling China. To his reign,
various inventions and improvements are attributed, including agriculture and the introduction of the
“ five kinds of grain : ”
Faba vnlgaris of Central Asia. Called in Anglo-Saxon and current English bean, in Holland
“ boon,” in Denmark “ bonne,” in Sweden “ bona,” in Germany “ bohne” (Prior), in Slavonian
“ b o b ” (Moritz.), in Celtic “ f a ” or “ fa o ” or “ f a v ” (Legon.), in France “ fè v e ” (Nugent), in Italy
“ fa v a ” or “ fava cavallina ” (Lenz), in Greece “ köukkia” (Fraas), in Egypt “ fu l” (Forsk.), at Surat
“ vackla ” or “ backla ” (Graham). Included among the “ five kinds of grain ” introduced in the reign
of Chin-noung:— observed by Bunge under cultivation in Northern China ; and by Kaempfer, and
Thunberg, cultivated in Japan and called “ sandsu” or usually “ sora mame.” Westward, has no
Sanscrit name (Roxb., and Pidd.) ; is regarded as only recently introduced into Hindustan (Ainsi.,
Royle, Wight, and A. Dec.), continuing unknown in Ceylon (Moon), but is “ cultivated at Surat to a
small extent” (Graham) ; was observed by Lerche to all appearance wild on the confines of Persia
near the Caspian (Willd.). Farther West, “ phwl” were brought to David at Mahanaim (2 Sam.
xvii. 28), are mentioned also by Ezekiel iv. g; the “ kuamos ëllënikos,” in Mul. morb. i. 608, and
Dioscorides; “ fabula” by Plautus, and Gellius iv. 11. i ; “ fabalia ” by Cato xxxvii. 2. ; the “ faba”
by Terence, Varrò, Cicero, Virgil, Columella, and Pliny : F. vulgaris was observed by Abd-allatif in
Egypt, where it continues one of the principal objects of cultivation both for the seeds and stems
(Forsk., D e l, and Clot-Bey) ; was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece;
and is known in the cultivated state in Italy and throughout Southern and middle Europe (Bro t,
Pers., and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to America, where in our Middle States it
continues sparingly cultivated and is distinguished as the horse-bean.
Triticuni vulgare of the plains around the Caspian. Called in Britain wheat, in Anglo-Saxon
“ hwæte,” in Gothic “ hvaiteis,” in ancient Danish “ hveiti,” in old Pligh German “ hveizi,” in Lithuanian
“ kwetys,” all meaning white grain (Prior), in Germany “ w eizen” (Grieb), in France “ b lé ”
or “ froment ” (Nugent), in Italy “ fermento ” or “ frumento ” (Lenz), in Greece “ sitari ” (Forsk.),
in Egypt “ qamh ” or “ hontah” (Del.), on the mountains of Yemen “ bu rr” (Forsk.), in Guzerat and
on the Deccan “ mar-ghoom ” or “ ghawut-gioon” (Graham), in Hindustanee “ genhun ” or “ gandum”
or “ godhum,” in Bengalee “ godhum ” or “ g om ” (D ’roz.), in Burmah “ gyung-sa-ba ” (Mason).
Included among the “ five kinds of g rain ” introduced into China under Chin-noung — (Stan.-Jul.) :
observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan, in two varieties and called “ ko
muggi.” Westward, was observed by Mason “ e x o tic ” in Burmah; has a Sanscrit name (Roxb.,
and Pidd.), was already in Hindustan when invaded by Alexander (Theophr ), and continues to be
“ cultivated in various parts of the Deccan and Guzerat” (Graham) : was observed by Onesicritus
wild farther North in the Musicana district ; by Berosus, between the Tigris and Euphrates, where
also it was found wild by Olivier iii. p. 460 ; and according to Strabo xi. 7. 2, seeds itself in Hyrcania
along the Caspian. Farther West, the “ b r ” was already in Fjgypt in the days of Joseph (Gen. xii.
35 to 49), is mentioned as cultivated in Palestine in Psalm Ixv. 13, Proverbs xi. 26, Joel ii. 24, and
Amos V. I I ; the “ purös ” furnished the straw wrapped around the presents sent by the Hyperborei
to Delos (Herodot. iv. 33), is mentioned as cultivated in Greece by Homer il. x. 569 to xiv. 123,
Theophrastus, and Dioscorides ; the “ s ito s ” is mentioned by Homer od. ix. 191 to xxiv. 208, Herodotus
iv. 109, Demosthenes 310. i, and Strabo ; and the “ triticum” by Cato, Varrò, Cicero, Virgil,
and Columella: T . vulgare was observed by Forskal under cultiv'ation on the mountains of Yemen;
continues abundantly cultivated in Egypt (Forsk., Del., and Lois.-Deslongch. cereal, p. 98) ; was
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 7 9
observed by Forskal, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation m Greece ; by Lenz > "10 «
aerino-t l i e Stone Age was cultivated in Switzerland, as appears from dÆris of the earh^t villa es
m i e i and Troyon p. 44), and continues under cultivation throughout Europe 0 far as Lat. 64
S De ) B y Cofumlus, was carried to America (F . Columb. 53), where it has become a mam
l l e c l of cultivation in portions of the United States; was also earned by European co lo n is t to
Australia and New Zealand, growing crops in both countries met with by myself. (See T.
^ '^ T A L n n u V la c e u m of Central Asia. Called in I ta ly “ mei” or “ >^^#0,’- in Greece “ këghëU’
(F “ s t ’ ) l ? l r r e l r i r e i s « Î o X y “ S e e ' o Î ^ a w ï C h l n a S l r a h ™ ) * ' Probably one of
h L l “ a l S l l cultivated ” around Bombay. Farther West, the “ thhn ” (near “ thgn ’ the genera
I Z e i t A l Z n in Gen. xxvii. 28, Num. l i i i . 27, Deut. xxviii. 5b and Lam 11. 12) m meitooned
bv Ezekiel iv. 9 ; the “ meline,” by Sophocles, and Harpocration ; as cultirated J / " 'A by Herod
n l r m 1 .7 and Xenophon anab. i. 5- 10 ; is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ ëlmnos,’ ’ and the
“ ëlumôs ” is mentioned in 2 Morb. mul. 2, Theophrastus viii. i, and Strabo ; the ‘ mil.um, by Cffio
V a r i Cicero Vir ril, Columella, and is described by Pliny xviii. 10 to 24 comae granum complexae
i l b r i ’ato capillo cN a n tu r ” and the principal food of the “ Sarmatarum gentes ’ wlrn eat the crude
meal mixed with mare’s milk or even blood, this and barley being the only kinds of gram known to
T e “ A f f i l f i o S ’’ : P.miliaceum is described by Banbin theatr.pl. 502, is termed “ j j u m semine
S t e o ’S Tournefort inst. 514, “ Panicum” by Miller, “ miluim esculentum ” by Mcench,
“ p panic laxa flaccida” by Persoon ; was observed by Hasselquist in Palestine ; by Fmskal, alon,,
the base of the mountains of Yemen ; by him, and Delile, occurring spontaneously around Cairo ; by
Sibthorp and Fraas, in cultivated ground in Greece ; by Pollini, and Lenz, m Italy ; and is known to
£ S i t e d in midlie Europe (P e ls .) . By European colonists, was earned to Northeast America,
T n e r T l Central Asia. Called in Britain panic (Ainsw.), in Italy “ pamzzo ” or
“ p an ig ” or “ p anico” (Lenz), in Greece “ këghri ” or “ P h ra g k o ^ gh r i’’ <^7 S / i S P r X °
“ kan "ni ” (D ’roz ), in the environs of Bombay “ kala kangnee or kora kang (Graham). I roba-
bly o le of the two kinds of introduced into China under Gb'n-noung : - observed rm j r cult
vition there by Bunge. Westward, a species according to Mason perhaps identmal is
Burmah and called “ pyoung-lay-kouk ” ; and S. glomerata was observed by Rumpffius v. pl 75, Roxburgh
and Graham, in Hindustan. Farther West, “ p h n g ” was earned from “ Judah and the land of
S ’” to the market at Tyre in the days of Ezekiel xxvii. 17 ; the “ këghrôs ” (named from resemblance
to fiv-seeds) was cultivated from Babylon to the Borysthenes J e ^ y s of Herodotus, ,s
mentioned also in tiie Hesiodic scut. here. 398, Xenophon anab. i. 2. 22 Morb. mn . 1. 6.9, Th ^
nhrastus and Dioscorides : the “ panicum ” is mentioned by Cato, and Columella, was found by Caesar
L r e d fo’r food by tlie inhabitants of middle Europe, is described by Pliny xvm 10 to 25 ^ a pam-
culis dictum cacumine languide nutante,” cultivated in Gaul as well as on the Po in Northern Italy,
and the favourite article of diet along the Black Sea ; S. glomerata is figured at Pompen (Schomv
iv ) • is termed “ p. Italicum” and “ p. Germanicum” by Linnæus ; was observed by m y^ lf under
culti’v l i l in both Upper and Lower Egypt ; by Fraas, rare in Greece ; is known to be cultiv0ed m
« p l ì i n i , and L e lz ) and as far as middle Europe (Roth, and K it.). By European colonmts, was
carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivatton m our Middle 0 ates fo, its seeds,
but in our Southern States for the stems and leaves “ as green food for cmtle ^ J^l'/MuronO in
Oryza sativa of Tropical Hindu.stan. Called in English rto., m French > 0 ^
German “ reis,” in Italy “ r is o ” (Lenz), in Greece “ n z i ” or “ ruzi (F aas in Egypt rouz or
“ arz ” (Del ) in Hindustanee “ cliawal ” or “ biranj,” in Bengalee “ chaul or tandul ( J j o z . ) , m
Cingalese “ o lu w e e ,” in Sanscrit “ arunya” (Pidd ), in Burmah “ sa-ba ” (Mason), in all Malay coun-
t r ls " " ‘ p adi” or “ b r a s ” (Crawfurd). Enumerated as the fifth kind of gram imroduced mto China
under Chin-nounv— (Stan.-Jul.) ; mentioned besides in the Chou-King (Pauth.) ; and to the present
e x S v e l y c l l t i v l t e d : la s J b s e r v e d by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Jap™ ; by B U n j i
myself, under cultivation on the Philippines ; by Loureiro m Cochinchina ; and by Maton exoftc
in Burmah Westward, is mentioned in the Sama Veda (transl. Stevens.) ; was eaten by the Hindus
and “ oiitos ôruzës ” manufactured by them when invaded by Alexander (Aristot. an. vm 2 , , Anstob.,
Megasth Theophr., and Athen. iv .J g ) i and continues cultivated / numerous v ^ - t ie s (Grahaifr
and mvself) ■ “ wild rice ” is however mentioned in the Institutes of Menu, and a kind cffiled by the
T e lin T s “ newaree,” growing around lakes in the Circars and the seeds highly prized, is known only
in the"wild state (Roxb.. and A. Dec.). Farther West, was carried at an early date to “ gascar
(Ellis) and Equatorial Africa, and (as ascertained by myself at Zanzibar) continues cultivate y