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704 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
roadsides, is mentioned by J. Jacobi de Manliis ; the “ cotula fetida,” in the Ortus Sanitatis 81 as one
of the two kinds of “ butalmos” growing within cities; the “ cotula,” by Hermolaus Barbarus, and
Matthioli : M. cotula is described by Brunfels i. 225, and Fuchsius 583 (Spreng.); is known to occur
in waste places in Italy, Sicily, Barbary, the Canaries, Portugal, and throughout middle and Northern
Europe nearly to Lapland (Ten., Boiss., Fries, and A. Dec.). Eastward, was observed by Chaubard,
in the Peloponnesus ; is known to occur in Abyssinia (A. Rich.), Persia (Dec.), around Caucasus and
in the neighbouring portion of Siberia (Ledeb.). By European colonists, was carried to Madeira and
the Azores (Dec., and Wats.) ; to Northeast America, where it has become frequent along roadsides ;
to Brazil and Buenos Ayres, occurring along the seashore (A. Dec.) ; to the Philippines, where it was
found by Blanco hardlv known to the natives, but called in Tagalo “ higuis manoc,” in Ylocano “ tin-
tatinta;” and to the Loo Choo, and the Bonin Islands (Hook, in Beech, voy. 265). Every part of the
plant according to Lindley “ is fcetid and acrid, blistering the skin when much handled.”
Anthemis arvensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia, Called in Britain corn chamomile
(A. Gray), in Sweden “ eckergras ” or “ balsebro ” (Linn.), and probably the plant in question : —
termed “ chamæmelum inodorum” by C. Bauhin pin. 135, and Tou-rnefort inst. 494, and known to
occur in cultivated ground from Sweden throughout Europe (Gaertn. ii. pl. 166, engl. bot. pl. 602, and
Pers.); observed by Linnæus in Sweden, as far as Scania; by Sibthorp, D’Urville, and Chaubard, in
cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast
America, occurring according to A. Gray in “ fields, New England and New York, sparingly
introduced.”
Brom us sterilis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece “ agnovromos ”
(Sibth.), and included among the weeds called in Britain dravick or drake or drawk, in Welsh
“ drewg,” in Breton “ draok,” in Dutch “ dravig,” and periiaps the Anglo-Saxon e d r OC of the Epi-
nal glossary — (Prior p. 67 to 70) : B. sterilis is termed “ gramen avenaceum panicula sparsa locustis
majoribus et aristatis” by Tournefort inst. 526; and is known to grow in Barbary and throughout
middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Pers., and Wats.). Eastward, was
observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople.
Glyceria aquatica of Northern Climates. Called in Cambridgesliire leed or white leed (E. Gillet),
and the Anglo-Saxon L id, — described by Camden as a sort of rank hay abounding in fens, is referred
here by Cockayne ; G. aquatica is described by Morison viii. pl. 6. f. 25 ; is termed “ gramen aquaticum
paniculatum latifolium” by Tournefort inst. 523; was observed by Savi in Italy; and is known
to grow throughout middle and' Northern Europe as far as Sweden (Pers., Dec., and Wats.). Eastward,
was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople; is known to grow in the Tauro-Caspian
countries (Bieb), and throughout Siberia (Gmel.?, and Kunth). Farther East, is known to grow
along the Saskatchewan to Lake Winnipeg (Plook.) ; and has been observecl by myself in wet marshes
from'pat. 46“ near St. John to about 42° 30' in New England. In the Southern Plemisphere, is known
to occur in Australia (Kunth).
“ The same year ” (Blair), Lisbon captured from the Muslims by Alphonso earl of Portugal. Who
was now proclaimed king.
“ 1142 A. D (= iSoed of Synmu,” art de verif.), Sintoku succeeded by Konjei, eighth son ot
To-ba, ancl now dairo of Japan.
“ 1143 .0 . D.” (Alst,), Joannes II. succeeded by his son Emanuel Comnena, fifty-third Byzantine
emperor. Verses addressed to the emperor by Theodorus Ptochoprodromus are regarded as the
earliest specimen of modern Greek (E. A. Soph.).
Sept. 26th” (Nicol.), Innocentius II. succeeded by cardinal Guy cle Castro of Tuscany, now
inth pope.
Conradus III. ruling Germany and Italy ; and Louis V IL , France.
Against the monk Niphon : —as also a second
Celestinus II,, ninth “ Oct. 1st” (Nicob), a synod at Constantinople,
synod, on the ensuing “ P'eb. 22cl.” ^
“ 1144 A, D. = 14th year of the ‘ chao-king’ of Kao-tsoung 11., and 4th year of the ‘ hoang-tsoung
of Pli-tsoung” (Chinese chron. t.rble), beginning of the Sixty-fonrtli cycle.
The Mangarevan or Gambier Islands colonized by Teatumoana, their first king, “ twenty-five generations
” befoie — the visit of Maigret (Hale ethnogr. expl. exp. 139). The first settlers are regarclecl
by Hale as Rarotongans: —shown by examination of the language to this clay spoken. The line ot
tag,” corresponding to the German “ dach” roof, and Anglo-Saxon th j.eC6 thatch, from seaweed
having formerly been used to cover liouses — (Prior). _ , ,
Porphyra laciniata of the sea-coast of Northern Europe. One of the seaweeds called in Britain
laver, in Anglo-Saxon L Ke f e P — (Prior).
Ulva latissima of Northern Europe. Included under the same names with the preceding seaweed—
(Prior).
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 705
successive kings has been interrupted, Koa, the thirteenth on the list, becoming the head of a new
dynasty : from him “ the fourteenth in a direct line,” Maputeva, was found reigmng by Maigret.
Eleusine Indica of Equatorial Africa. A coarse weedy grass, having no Sanscrit name (A. Dec.),
but called in Japan “ smootali kusa” (Thunb.) ; carried to the islands of the Pacific as early possibly
as this date: — observed by myself abundantly naturalized on Metia, Taheiti, the Samoan Islands,
and Tongatabu ; but on the Hawaiian Islands regarded by intelligent natives as introduced by the
Whites (ancl admitted by residents to have increased within a few years). Westward, was received by
Decaisne from Timor ; was observed by Rumphius v. pl. 76 on Amboyna, and is known to occur on
Luzon (Kunth) ; was observed by Thunberg in Japan ; by Roxburgh, in Hindustan ; used while young
for feeciing cattle ; by Rheede xii. pl. 78, in Malabar ; by Graham, as far as Bombay ; by myself, at
Muscat and on Zanzibar; by Forskal p. 18 (Steud.) among the mountains of Yemen; was received
by Kunth from Egypt ; rvas observed by Grant in Equatorial Africa, “ as grazing for cattle the natives
esteem it, though tough, more than any other species ; ” is known to grow as far as Guinea and the
Cape Verd Islands (Benth. fl. nigr.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands
(Boj.) ; to Southern Brazil (Nees fl. br.) ; to Northeast America before the visit of Michaux (Pers.),
has become a frequent weed in our Middle and Southern States, was observed by Nuttall in gardens
on the Arkansas, and seemingly indigenous along the Mississippi.
The remote island of Rapa also ascertained by Hale through the language, to have been peopled from
Rarotonga: — and the intermediate islands, Raivaivai, Rurutu, and Rimatara, partly from Rarotonga
and partly from Taheiti : the peopling of Tupuai having taken place within two centuries (see also
Ellis res. Polynes. 281, and J. Williams miss. ent. 449).
The Paumotuan coral-archipelago is regarded by Hale ethnogr. expl. exp. p. 143 as more recently
peopled than the surrounding high islands; otherwise, the Paumotuans would have taken possession
of those high islands. Yet the language, though in part similar to the Taheitian, contains a peculiar
element, “ unlike any that we find elsewhere;” many of the words being “ such as are usually original
in a language.” In the Western portion, the coral-islands are all inhabited as far as Han or Bow ;
but on proceeding East, uninhabited ones are met with, increasing in number until the eight nearest
the Mangarevan Group are all in that condition.
“ March 12th” (Alst., and Nicol.), Celestinus II. succeeded by Gerard Caccianimico, cardinal of
Santa Croce in Jerusalem and now Lucius II., tenth pope.
“ In this year ” (Neumann note to Vahram in Orient, transl. lond.), Edessa captured by the Turks.
An elegy on the event composed by Nerses Clajensis, the Armenia.n patriarch.
“ In or about this year ” (Blair), the Aristotelian philosophy restored in Germany by Otho Frisin-
gensis.
“ 1145, Feb. 27th” (Alst., and Nicol.), Lucius II. succeeded by abbot Bernard of Rome, or
Eugenius III. eleventh pope.
As early possibly as this year (= 1225 + “ 3 + 3 + several years reign,” addit. art de verif.), a
suspension bridge six hundred feet long over the Apurimac, constructed of large woody vines by the
Inca Mayta Capac ; a novelty having great influence over the surrounding tribes.*
“ H47, Feb. 26th” (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople. The patriarch Comas was deposed.
“ After Easter ” (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. “ On the errors of Gilbert bishop of Poitiers respecting
the Trinity.”
“ The same year” (Blair), through the preaching of Bernard of Clairvaux, the Second crusade
undertaken.
Carex paniculata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The natural tumps of this large
sedge are called in Britain hassocks (Prior), in which we recognize the hKSSOCLim of the founda-
tion-charter in the above year of Sawtrey abbey, — mentioned also in the attestation of Alex. Maufe, the
“ hassok ” identified with the “ ulphus ” by Galfridus pr. pm., and the “ hassokes ” recorded respecting
“ the castle of Guysnes in 1465” (Way); C. paniculata is described by Linnæus ; was observed by
Savi in Italy; by Brotero, in Portugal; and is known to grow from Switzerland throughout middle
and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Pers., Dec., and Wats. ; see C. Virginiana).
“ December, or early in 114S ” (Nicol.), in a synod at Treves, the writings of the abbess Plildegarde
examined. — She died “ in 1180” (Trilhem., and Spreng.).
Polygonum persicaria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in BnXaxnpeach-
wort or redshanks (Prior), in Greece “ agria pipouria” or by the Turks “ pere oti ” (Sibth.): the
* Aristolochia fragrantissima of the Eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes. A woody vine climbing
to the tops of trees, and from early times employed by the Peruvians medicinally, applied bruised
fresh to bites aud stings of reptiles and insects, and its stems stripped of their bark used for ropes : —
observed by Ruiz mem. pb, by Spanish colonists called “ bejuco de la estrella” (Pers., and Lindl ).
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