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on maritime rocks of the Peloponnesus and Cyprus. Westward, the “ hamaikissos ” or “ kissos
akarpos” or “ hamailëukë” or “ gës stëphanôs ” or “ sëlën itis” is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with
the “ ëthëra plôuviatika ” of the Romans: the account by Pliny xxiv. 84 of the “ chamaecissos ”
having the flower of “ alba viola,” seems chiefly taken from D ioscorides: L. cymbalaria is known
to grow wild in Dalmatia and Italy (V is., Chav., and A. D ec.) ; is termed “ cymbalaria italica” in
the Second edition of Gerarde in 1636, “ 1. hederaceo folio glabro” by Tournefort inst. i6g, ivy-
leaved snapdragon by Lindley ; and escaping from cultivation made its appearance on old walls and
in humid situations around Bale after the days of Bauhin (H agenb.), around lena in the Seventeenth
century (Linn.), in Holland where it was previously unknown (Miq.), in Britain a little before [640
(Park, theatr. p. 682), and in Ireland (Mackay). The plant according to Lindley “ has a warm
cress-like flavour, and has been recommended as an antiscorbutic.”
A ntirrhinum asarina of the Mediterranean countries. The “ hamaikissos” of Dioscorides —
is referred here by Sprengel, and Fraas, and seems to agree better in the colour of its flowers, “ albis
leviter purpurascentibus : ” A. asarina was observed by Fraas among ruins near Lamia in Greece.
Westward, is described by Lobel obs. p. 329; is termed “ asarina procumbens” by Miller; and is
known to grow in Southern France and as far as Geneva (Pers., and Spreng.).
Mentha tomentella of the Mediterranean countries. The K Â À A M I N e H i O P e i N O T e P A
described by Dioscorides as whitish, with “ ôkimô ’’-like leaves and the flower purple, — is referred
here by Fraas: M. tomentella was observed in Greece by Link, and Fraas, not rare in dry situations.
Westward, was observed by Brotero in Portugal (Steud.).
Polygonum hydropiper ai Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain water
pepper or cyderach or ciderage or culrage, in France “ curage ” or “ cidrage ” (Prior), in Italy “ erba
p epe” or “ idropepe” (Lenz), in Greece “ agria pipouria” (Fraas) or by the Turks “ su biberi ”
(Sibth.), in which we recognize the Y A P O n e n e P I growing according to Dioscorides along slow-
moving or stagnant water, its stem geniculate, leaves larger than in HAYOCMUU and acrid like
pepper but not aromatic, and fruit in dense racemes arising in proximity to the leaves, — mentioned
also by Galen simpl. 8: P. hydropiper was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in Greece in
the situations described by Dioscorides ; is known to grow also about Caucasus (B ieb.). Westward,
is described by Fuchsius p. 842, Anguillara iv. 115 (Spreng.), and Gerarde p. 361 ; is termed “ persi-
caria urens seu hydropiper ” by Tournefort inst. 509 ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout
middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Pers., Hook., and Wats ). By European
colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Joss.) to Northeast America, where it continues in moist situations
along roadsides and near dwellings, fairly naturalized. The plant according to Lindley “ will
dye wool yellow,” and the leaves are “ so acrid as to act as vesicant’s.”
Passerina hirsuta of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ agria gërëklatha ”
(Fraas) or “ agrio thërôkallô ” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ metnan ” (F orsk.); and the e M n C T P O N o f
Dioscorides, purgative, near the sea saline to the taste but farther inland more bitter, — identified
in the added Synonyms with the “ phakoëithës, is referred here by Dalechamp : the “ phakôithës ” is
mentioned also by Rufus Ephesiu.s, and Oribasius vii. 25: P. hirsuta was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent on the seashore, barren hills and plains from Crete and the Peloponnesus
fo Cyprus, flowering in November; by Forskal p. 81, and Delile, on the Mediterranean border
of Egypt, brought in the dried state in great quantities into Alexandria to be used in cooking.
Westward, is described by Dalechamp 1070, and Bauhin i. 595 (Spreng.); is termed “ thymelæa
tomentosa foliis sedi minoris” by Tournefort inst. 595 ; is known to grow in Italy, Barbary, and
Southern France (Pers.). and was observed by Lapeyrouse as far as the Pyrenees (Steud.).
Statice sinuata of the shores of the Mediterranean. Called in Greece “ prôphasis,” and the
T P I r r oA I 0 N growing according to Dioscorides not on dry ground but in places inundated by the
sea, a span high, its stem dividing above, and flower said to change colour thrice a day. white in
the morning, purplish at noon, and in the evening red, — is referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas : S.
sinuata was observed by them, and Chaubard, one of the most frequent and elegant seaside plants
of the Peloponnesus and Greek islands ; according to Fraas, presenting a white summit before flowering,
the flowers when expanded are blue, and in fading change to violet. Farther South, is known
to grow on the seashore of Palestine (Pers.). Westward, the “ tripôliôn ” or “ psuhën ” or “ meris ”
or “ potamôgëitôn ” or “ stahuitës ” is identified in the Syn. D iosc. with the “ kôiiôumarcs ” of the
Romans ; the “ tripolium ” growing by the seaside, and by some called “ polium,” changing colour
thrice a day, is mentioned by Pliny xxi. 21 and xxvi. 22: S. sinuata is described by Clusius cur. pi.
33; is termed “ limodorum pere'grinum foliis asplenii ” by Tournefort inst. 342; and is known to grow
on the seashore of Sicily, and Barbary (D esf. atl. i. p. 276, and Pers.).
Statue Umonium of the seashore in Northern climates. Called in Britain sea-lavender (Prior),
in Greece “ thalassôgamvrôs ” (Sibth., and Fraas), in Egypt “ e’rq angibar” (D el.) ; the “ isatis ”-
like leaves but juiceless and broader, and fragrant root heating to the taste, in the description of the
“ tripôliôn” by Dioscorides, — are referred here by Fraas: S. limonium was observed by him, Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, everywhere frequent in the salt marshes of Greece ; by Delile, along the Mediterranean
shore of Egypt; and farther East, by Thunberg, on the seashore of Japan. Westward, is
described by Matthioli p. 696 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ limonium maritimum majus ” by C. Bauhin pin.
192, and Tournefort inst. 341 ; and is known to grow on the seashore of Barbary, Portugal, and along
the Atlantic as far as Sweden (Desf., Brot., fl. Dan. pl. 315, and W ats.). Farther West, was observed
by Lapylaie in Newfoundland ; by myself, in salt marshes along the Atlantic from Lat. 43° to
39°; by Elliot, near Charleston; and by N . A. Ware, in Florida (N utt.).
Euphorbia cyparissias of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy “ titímalo
cipressino” (Lenz), and the T I 0 YM A A 0 C : K YTT A P I C C I A C named according to Dioscorides
from resembling a young shoot of pine TTITYI, asp an or more high but the leaves on its reddish
stem more tender and delicate, and the whole plant full of white juice, — is referred here by most
writers : E. cyparissias was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in Greece though rare ; by Grisebach
fl. rum., in Albania and Macedonia. Westward, the “ cyparissian ” or fifth kind of “ herbam
lactariam ” is described by Pliny xxvi. 43 as growing in the open country “ campestribus,” and having
a double or triple stem: E. cyparissias is described by Gerarde pl. ; is termed “ tithymalus cyparissias”
by Tournefort inst. 86; was observed by Forskal near Marseille.s ; and is known to grow in
barren situations throughout Italy and middle Europe as far as the Northern border of France (Jacq.
austr. pl. 435, Pers., Spreng., and Lenz), but is regarded by Watson, and Bromfield, as introduced
into Britain (A. D ec.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues
under cultivation around dwellings, and according to A. Gray has escaped “ to road-sides in a
few places in New England.” The plant according to Lindley is “ a virulent poison,” but the “ powder
of the root” is given in small doses. •
Euphorbia Aleppica of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ galatzithôhôrtôn”
(Fraas) ; the m TYOYC A differing according to Dioscorides from t heKYTTAPICCIOY;TI 0 YMA-
AOY, more than a cubit high with leaves like those of pine TTITYOC slender and pointed, and
small almost purple flowers, — identified in the added Synonyms with the “ klëma ” or “ kramvion”
or “ paraliön ” or “ kanöpikon,” may be compared : E. Aleppica is described by Alpinus exot. pi. 64 ;
is termed “ t. orientalis cyparissias patulus foliis superioribus hastatis flore minimo” by Tournefort
cor. 2 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground from the
Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus and Smyrna. Westward, the “ pityusa ” seems known to
Pliny xxiv. 2i only from its medicinal uses and the account of Dioscorides.
Euphorbia dwidroides of the East Mediteiranean countries. Called in Greece “ phlöm ö” or
“ phlômôs” (Sibth., and Fraas): the T I 0 YM A A 0 C : A 6 N A P 0 e I A £ C growing in stony places
according to Dioscorides, full of juice and at its summit leafy with many crowns, the leaves around
the reddish branches resembling the more tender ones of the myrtle, — is referred here by writers :
E. dendroides was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in stony mountainous situations
exposed to the sea in Crete and the Peloponnesus, a tree with a trunk six or eight inches in diameter
though only three to five feet high. Westward, the account by Pliny xxvi. 45 of the seventh “ herbam
lactariam ” called “ dendroides ” or “ cobion ” or “ leptophyllon,” seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides
: E. dendroides is described by Barrelier pi. 910 ; is termed “ tithymalus arboreus ” by Tournefort
inst. 85 ; and is known to grow as far as Italy and Sicily (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Spreng.).
Euphorbia platyphylla of the Crimea and middle Asia Called in Greece “ galatzitha ” (Fraas) :
the T I 0 Y M A A 0 C : TT A A T Y <I> Y A A 0 C resembling t he *AOMUJ according to Dioscorides, and
if bruised and mingled in water destroying fish like the other kinds, — is referred here by writers : E.
platyphylla was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste and cultivated ground in the Peloponnesus
and Greek islands ; farther East, by Bieberstein, in barren stony situations wild in the Crimea
(A. Dec.). Westward, the sixth “ herbam lactariam” called “ platypliyllon ” or “ corymbiten ” or
Irom resemblance “ amygdaliten,” its leaves broader than in other kinds, is mentioned by Pliny xxvi.
44: E. platyphylla is described by Linnæus; is known to occur in cultivated and fallow ground in
Italy and middle Europe as far as Paris (Thuil., Jacq. austr. pl. 376, Scop., and Lenz), and from the
silence of writers, appears to have been only recently introduced into Britain (Bromf.). According
to A. Decandolle p. 753, has also been introduced into Northeast America.
A lism a plantago of Temperate climates. Called in Britain water-plantain (Prior), in Italy
“ piantaggine aquatica ” or “ barba silvana” or “ erba alism a” (Lenz), in Greece “ plëmônôhôrtôn ”
or “ lappa” (Sibth.), in which we recognize the AAiCMA growing according to Dioscorides in
watery places, its leaves resembling those of tlie plantain, stem simple more than a cubit high bearing
capitula thyrsus-like, the flowers pale-yellowish and white, — identified in the added Synonyms with
the “ alkëan ” or “ thamasöniön ” or “ akuron ” or “ luron : ” A. plantago was observed by Forskal,
Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent along river-margins from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople, but
IS regarded by Fraas as belonging properly to the salt water ; is known to grow also in the Tauro-
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