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CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
and inland along river-banks, but occurring also as a weed around dwellings; by Nuttall, on the
Upper Missouri and the Arkansas; by E. James, near the base of the Rocky mountains (Tor.) ; by
Baldwin, as far South as Lat. 31° in Florida; but is regarded by Elliot as not indigenous around
Charleston. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Greenland (Wats.) ; to Patagonia, and
the Hawaiian Islands, and in both localities as observed by myself has become naturalized. “ X.
Orientale ” regarded as not distinct, was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, near Nagasaki in
Japan, and called “ sooni” or usually “ namone.”
1221 B. C. (== 1412 y. 2 mo. — “ 51 — 61 — 20 — 60 yrs ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table
I = 1613 y. 3 mo. — “ 393 yrs ” of Josephus c. A. i. i6 and 26, Manetho in Jos. giving
1280 y. 2 mo. — “ 59 y r s ” = 1221 y. 2 mo, and the Euseb.-Maneth. table and Egyptian
Chronicle 1413 — “ 194 y r s ” ;= 1219), marking perhaps the accession of Ramessu
. V I. Amuiiikhopsef-nuterhikten, fourth king of the Twentieth dynasty. — His name occurs
in a tomb near Deru, in which an Ethiopian prince offers a royal statue; also in his own tomb at
Bab-el-meluk (Birch).
-JSome "similarity in name maybe remarked with “ NShgphrSdus ” given by Artapanus jud. in
Clem. Strom, i. 23 as the pharaoh of the Exodus, called “ FISnSphrious ” by Eusebius, “ HinSvrdn ”
in the chron. a le x .; and according to Birch, the rising of Sothis or the Dog-star is -calculated in the
tomb of Ramessu V I . “ at 1240 B. C . ; ” compare also the second Sethos of Manetho in Jos. c.
A . i. 26).
In this year (== 7 1 6 + “ S05 y e a r s ” of Herodot. i. 7, and Clint, i. p. 133), beginning o f Lydian
history; Agron becoming king at Sardis. — His descendants reigned there in lineal succession
“ twenty-two generations,” Candaules being the last. The Lydian language continued extant in the
mountain district of Cibyra South of Lydia proper in the time of Strabo xiii. i. 17.
“ In the reign of Lynceus ” (T a t , and Clem. Alex.), abduction of Proserpina.
“ 1219 B. C. = 1st year of Keng-ting, of the Chang” or Fourth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
“ In the reign of Lynceus ” (Tat., and Clem. Alex.), agriculture of Triptolemus. The city of
Tarsus on the Southern coast of Asia Minor, founded (according to Strabo xvi. 2. 5) by the Argive
companions of Triptolemus. — Tarsus or Tharshish continued in existence in the time of Solomon
(r K. X . 22, xxii. 48), of Isaiah xxiii. i to to, and of the Apostle Paul (Acts xxii. 3).
1216 B. C. ( = 1 186 + “ 30 y e a r s ” of Euseb. i. and ii., and S yn cell), accession of Lampares as
Assyrian emperor.
About this time (Pind. ix. 86, Plut. quaest. graec. 15, and Eustath. horn. p. 277), the city of
Hyantheia or Oeantheia in Western Greece founded by Locrus, son of Physcius and grandson of
Amphictyon.
Posa sempervirens of the Mediterranean countries. An evergreen rari called in Greece “ vata ”
or “ agria v a ta ” or “ hamovata” (Fraas) ; and the “ kunosvaton” that wounded Locrus in fulfilment
of an oracle respecting the bite of a wooden dog, — mentioned also in Ulc. 8, Theophrastus iii. 18. 4,
Theocritus v. 92. having according to Dioscorides white flowers and oblong fruit of the shape of an
olive-stone and downy within, known also to Athenaeus ii. 87 in Egypt, is referred here by Sibthorp,
and Fraas: the “ kunakanthe” is mentioned by Aristotle an. v. 19, and the “ kunosvaton” by some
called “ oxuakanthan ” in Syn. D io s c .: R. sempervirens was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and
Fraas, frequent in Greece and the Peloponnesus. Westward, the “ cynosbaton” of the Greeks is
identified by Colu:nella .xi. 3. 4 with the “ sentis canis ; ” the “ spina ” called “ rubus caninus ” is mentioned
by Palladius i. 34. 5 : and R. sempervirens is known to grow wild in Northern Italy, on the
Balearic Islands, and as far as Germany (Pers., Steud., and Lenz). A scented variety “ var. mos-
chata” is distinguished by Fraas, is called in Greece “ agrio moskia ” (Sibth.), and by Tournefort
inst. 637 “ r. moschata sempervirens.”
Smilax aspera of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ rogo cervione ” or “ smilace
aspra” or “ smilace ” (Lenz), in Greece “ smilagga” (Forsk.) or “ smilax'” or “ xuloklema” o r “ arkdu-
thovatos ” or “ skulovatos ” (Fraas), in Egyptian “ luisthe ” (Syn. Diosc.); in which we recognize tlie
“ smilax trachSia” called by some “ kunosvaton” according to Syn. Diosc., and therefore possibly the
plant that wounded Locrus : — the “ smilax ” is describe.d by Theophrastus iii. 18. 11 as resting upon
other stems, its own stem prickly, leaves ivy-like but not angular, and white odorous flowers; the
“ smilax trahSia” by Dioscorides as twining around trees and bearing red berries, and is identified in
the added Synonyms with the “ lukanthSmon ” or “ eliophuton ” or “ anatolikon ; ” S. aspera was observed
by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus, Crete,
and Cyprus, tangling the forest and in spring the young shoots eaten. Farther South, is known to
grow in Palestine (Pers.), and branches of “ milaxi ” (of course imported) were carried in Alexandria
at the festival of Ptolemy Philadelphus (Callixen., and Athen. v. 28). Westward, the “ smilax trahSia”
is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ rathia ” of the Tuscans, and “ mSrgina” of the Romans; .the
“ smilax” growing in Italy and worn although unsuitable in garlands at festivals of Bacchus, is men-
(K II'« illiii
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 149
tioned by Pliny xvi. 63; S. aspera is described by Fuchsius p. 719, is termed “ s. a. fructu rubente ”
by Tournefort inst. 654, was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to
grow in Carniolia and other parts of Southern* Europe (Pers., and Spreng.). “ S. nigra ” described
by Clusius hist. i. 113, termed “ s. a. minus spinosa fructu nigro ” by Tournefort inst. 654, and known
to grow in Portugal and Spain (Pers.), was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, from the Peloponnesus
to Constantinople, but is regarded by Fraas as not distinct.
1208 B. C. ( = “ 40th year a fte r ” leaving “ Egypt, in the first of the fifth month,” Num. xx. 27,
xxi. 4, and xxxiii. 37), Eleazar installed high priest, and the death of his father Aaron on Mount Hor.
In proceeding “ to compass the land of Edom,” many persons were bitten by serpents ; and “ Moses
made a serpent of brass.” — This specimen of his handiwork was kept in after times at Jerusalem ;
and continued to attest the reality of the abode in the Desert, until broken in pieces by order of
king Hezekiah (2 K. xviii. 4).
Clutia lanceolata of the mountains of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen “ luch ” or “ alloh ”
(Forsk.) ; and the growing “ a ëlym ” trees of Balaam’s prophecy num. xxiv. 6 — may be compared:
C. lanceolata was observed by Forskal p. 170 at Boka in Yemen in the middle region of the mountains
; and according to Vahl resembles C. pulchella of Austral Africa (Pers.).
August . ( = 1207 y. 24tyU d. — 1240 — “ 40 years ” of ten lunations of num. xiv. 33, xxvi., and
xxvii. 12), death of Moses on .Mount Abarim in sight of the promised land. — Mount Nebo has been
re-discovered by De Saulcy (correspond. Lond. athen. 1865), and still bears the name of “ Jebel
Neba ; ” while another eminence in the vicinity called “ Jebel Jelul ” illustrious mountain, is regarded
by him as very probably marking Beth-peor or the burial-place of Moses. As Moses gave directions
for building an altar “ of whole stones ” untouched by iron (Deut. xxvii. 5 and 6), it may be inferred,
that some “ twenty dolmens and cromlechs exacüy Wke those of France and England ” observed by
De Saulcy, were not in existence before the days of Moses.
1207 B. C. (“ on tlie tenth of the First month,” Josh, iv. 19), the Jordan crossed by the Israelites
under Joshua. “ On the fourteenth day of the month,” the Passover kept “ in the plains of Jericho.”
And not many days afterwards, the city of Jericho captured; an event attended by the transgression
of Achar (Josh. v. 10, vii. 26, xxii. 20, and i Chron. ii. 7).
Hazor, the Canaanitish or Phoenician capital of the country around the sources of the Jordan,
burned by Joshua (Josh, xi, 10). — In the time of Deborah, the city had recovered its importance
(Judg. iv. 2). Its site, bearing the ancient name, was found by G. Williams (Sm. geogr. diet.) East
of the Jordan and of Lake Merom, on a hill commanding the road from Tyre to Damascus,
1203 B. C. ( = 1239— “ 45 y e a r s ” of ten lunations of Josh. xiv. 5 to 13), division of the conquered
land among the Israelites ; Hebron being assigned to Caleb son of Jephunneh.
Phragmites communis of Temperate climates. Soft-stemmed and called in Britain bog reed or
bennels from its use in forming roofs (Johnst.), in Anglo-Saxon “ hreod,” in Germany “ riet ” (Prior)
or “ schilfrohr,” in Italy “ canna palustre” or “ cannuccia ” or “ spazzola di palude ” (Lenz), in
Greece “ agriokalamos ” or “ haita ” (Sibth.) the latter word used by Homer and Euripedes and applicable
to thatch, in Egypt “ bous ” (Del ), and doubtless connected with the river “ knë ” mentioned
in Joshua xvi. 8 and xvii. 9 to xix. 28 : — the “ agmwn ” growing at Babylon (Jer. li. 32), may also be
compared: P. communis was observed by Delile on islets in th e Nile, by Forskal p. 25 occupying
the Ghobeibe marsh in the Sinai peninsula and its stems transported to Egypt and throughout Arabia.
Farther North, “ kalamoi ” were found by Darius around a lake beyond the Danube (Herodot. iv.
109) ; were figured growing in water among fishes by Polygnotus at Delphi (Paus. x. 28. I) ; and are
one of the kinds distinguished by Theophrastus iv. 11. 11 : P. communis was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in marshes from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to
Bithynia. Westward, the “ fiuvialis arundo ” is mentioned by Virgil geor. ii. 414; “ canna ” covering
the slothful pool, by Ovid ; “ arundines ” lasting for ages as thatching among Northern people, by
Pliny xvi. 64 ; and remnants of P. vulgaris for bedding or for thatching roofs, have been found among
debris of the earliest Swiss villages (Troyon p. 44) : P. communis is, termed “ a. vulgaris ” by Tournefort
inst. 526 ; was observed by Savi, and Lenz, in Italy; and is known to grow in Barbary, Portugal,
and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Desf., Brot., Wats., and
Hook.), Eastward from Syria, is known to grow in the Tauro-Caspian countries, and throughout
Siberia as far as Japan (Bieb., Gmel, and Thunb.). Farther East, was observed by myself in California
ancl Oregon ; by Drummond, at Cumberland House on the Saskatchewan ; was called “ weki-
nash ” by the aboriginals of New England (R. Williams) ; and is known to grow throughout Canada
and along the Atlantic as far as Lat. 31° in Florida (Wats., Baldw., and Chapm.). In the Southern
Hemispliere, was observed by myself in the drizzly climate of Western Peru, also in Chili and Patagonia
; and is known to grow in Australia (Wats., and Kunth).
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