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86 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
ment with the Hyksos of Manetho), use the javelin or throwing-spear, and unlike the Egyptians, wear
variegated garments (apparently the oldest known specimen of Sidonian needle-work').
That the strangers came from Phoenicia or at least Syria, is indicated by scarlet in their variegated
garments, the dye of the kernies insect, Coccus ihcis : — the “ shny ” or kermes dye is mentioned
in Gen. xx.\viii. 28, Ex. xxv. 4, Lev. xiv. 4, Josh. ii. 18, Prov. xxxi. 21, Cant. iv. 3, Isai. i. 18, and
Jer. iv. 30 ; and continues well known in Persia and Northern Hindustan (J. F. D. in Kitt. cycl.
bibl.). Northward and Westward from Syria, the “ kSkkos vaphikds ” is mentioned by Ctesias,
Theophrastus iii. 16, Pausanias, and Paulus A egin eta ; by Dioscorides, as produced in Cilicia, Asia
proper, Armenia, Galatia, and S p ain ; in the days of Pliny ix. 65 and xvi. 12, gathering “ coccum ”
furnished the poor of Spain the means of paying half of their tribute, the best quality coming
from Emeritam in Lusitania : and kermes dye continued in general use throughout Europe until
superseded by cochineal. The kermes insect is particularly described by Emericus, and Garidel
p. 254.
Quercus coccifera of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries and Persia. The kermes
aa/i’ on which this insect is known to feed is a shrub or small tree — called in Greece “ pirnari”
(Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the “ prinos ” alluded to as a shrub by Simonides (Plut. vit. I'hes.
17), mentioned also by Aristophanes, Pausanias, and by Theophrastus iii. 8 as affording the “ phoini-
koun kokkon ; ” the “ kokkds vaphike” shrub is described by Dioscorides as growing in Cilicia,
Asia, Armenia, Galatia, and Spain; the “ coccum,” by Pliny xvi. 8 to 12 as found on “ parvm aquifo-
liae ilicis,” one of the two kinds of “ ilex,” and procured in Pisidia, Sardinia, and Africa : 0 . coccifera
is termed “ scarlet oak ” by Gerarde (Ainsw.), “ ilex aculeata cocciglandifera” by Tournefort inst.
5S3 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the
Greek islands ; by Chaubard, perhaps the most frequent little tree in the East and even of the whole
Mediterranean region ; is known to grow on Sicily and on botli sides of the Straits of Gibraltar
(Spreng., Guss., Webb, and A . Dec.).
Isatis tinctoria of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain woad or wade, in Anglo-
Saxon “ wad,” in Old Saxon “ wode,” in old high German “ weit,” in old French “ guesde,” in current
French “ gu ede ” or “ g a id e ” (Prior), in current German “ waid ” (Grieb), in Italy “ gu ad o” or
“ gia sto” or “ isatide” (Lenz), and possibly affording the blue dye in the variegated garments of the
strangers : — the “ isatis ” yielding a dye, is mentioned by Democritus (Schneid. ann. Theophr,) ;
by Dioscorides, as more than a cubit high with plantain-like le a v e s ; is termed “ emSros ” in Syn.
Diosc., and identified with the “ arousion” of the prophets ; and the “ nilaj,” mentioned according
to Ebn Baitar by Dioscorides, is referred by Sontheimer to I. tinctoria: which plant was observed
by Gittard in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.) ; and by Fraas, wild on the mountains there- Westward,
the Britons are described by Caesar v. 14 as staining their bodies with “ vitrum ” to look terrible in
battle, an account repeated by Pomponius Mela iii. 6. 55, while Pliny xxii. 2 states that the British
women stain their bodies with “ glastum : ” the “ isatis ” used for dyeing wool, is described by Pliny
X X . 25 as resembling in its leaves “ lapatho .silvestri,” and possessing various medicinal properties;
the “ w aisda” is mentioned in the capitularia of Charlemagne ; the “ isatis ” of the Greeks is identified
by Macer Floridus 55 with the “ gaisdo ; ” I. tinctoria was observed by Lenz wild in Italy, and
is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers.) : was found by Gerarde p. 394 in Britain
only in places where it had once been cultivated, but has since become naturalized (Wats., and A.
Dec.). By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues sparingly cultivated,
and sometimes springing up spontaneously. (See Lycopus Europteus).
Genista tinctoria of Europe and the adjoining portion of A s ia ., Called in Britain base broom or
greening weed or greenweed or dyer's greenweed or wood-waxen, in old English “ wodewex,” in
Anglo-Saxon “ wudu-weaxe,” in mediaeval Latin “ genista humilis ” (Prior), in Germany “ farbe-
ginster ” (Fraas): possibly affording the green dye in the variegated garments: — G. tinctoria was
observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and in the environs of Constantinople. Westward, the
“ g en is ta ” is termed “ lenta ” by Virgil geor. ii. 12. 433, is mentioned also by Vitruvius vii. 14,
Columella iv. 31, by Pliny xvi. 30 to 69 as springing up to dye garments and used besides for ties ;
G. tinctoria is described by Tragus p. 604 Jp r en g .) , is termed “ g. tinctoria germanica ” by Tournefort
inst. 643 ; and is known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark
(fi. Dan. pl, 526, Pers., and Dec.). B y the first European colonists was carried to Salem in New
England, “ woad-seed ” being enumerated prior to February 1628 in a memorandum of articles to be
sent out with governor Endecott ; forty years later, “ wood-wax wherewith they dye many pretty
colours ” was found there by Josselyn rar. p. 51 ; in 1814 within my memory, hardly extended more
than a mile from the town ; in 1872 had spread in some directions at least three miles, monopolizing
the soil on the rocky hills and colouring the district in.the season ot flowering; not disseminating
itself in a scattered manner throughout the country, and as yet I have heard of only two additional
localities, “ Cambridge ” near Boston (Tuckerm. archaeol. Amer. iv. p. 186), and “ Peekskill ” on the
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 87
's>f .
Hudson (A. G , . , ) - G. .!„= » ,i . nccordlng .o Llodlo, is « c l.ie« , einploy.d i . d y .io g , . 1» wl.olo
d , . . . „ (Chinese chren. „ h . e , ,
a “ son of S ian g ” (P au th ). s cx-x-tris “ subdued all Asia and of Europe as far as
s e „ „ i , ».ed ( „0 0 0 *
s i 3 ‘,‘ .e .e e I l - i ” .he I . . . . . dn.e ie h i, r . l g . (ennd en Ihe meee-
« 1 , x S i l l h ■ dynnst, nt Berscheh, the ttnnsportntlon of . e o lo .s e , 1. repre-
C „ „m e .e .m e , ,e f H j ~ Tetin pnpytns), Se.nt.esen H, .ncl
e e i le . f 7 , S t t C e n III., Sith kieg oi the Twelfth d , „ . . , , . - T I , e T e n . pnpytns
thoufo i/rtially defective in this place, affords evidence, that the reign erf Sesui0 en
r t « a S ^ ^ His name occurs in the sanctuaty of the temple at
_ _ S a m S t L e p s eg. a n d l L t2o) ; also on the Kosser road; and he ,s next m the
already known to the Egyptians, and
l / l f 3 " i o l u l l v l n l t f r , y r s i r i « g ^ ^ ^ ^ examination, l’ could distin-
“ N l s 1 - « n d “ n ’essario"n,” d u ck s a n d d u c k lin g s, a re mentioned b y Aristophanes av. 556 a n d plut.
to n ; and “ a n a tum o va ” a n d tam e duck s^ b y b e in g clearly now th e com -
- d geese-feeding,are menti^ed by Homer
pamon of man. — the Hen e l l y history, was saved from a mght-surprise by a
n S .1,0» n n s .t -n .d ..n „ .e ,s n in s .- g o o s e nnd g o .ii.g , „ 0 ot.ntlonod by
naeus ix. 63, the ammal wa^s P^entioned by Polybius, Posido-
T V a r J , and 'ca tu ’llus. The rabbit seems properly a Western animal, and according to Leo
A fr iln u s , is indigenous i a j a u r i t™ ^ probably brought down the Nile
i / i l i a d l e a c l e d E ^ P t - ‘I ^ ^
naturalists. . „ r Tm n in l Arabia The balsam-apple, caWed in France “ pomme de
Afomm-dua J ? ! B a I T “ mokahh ” o7 “ moghadd ” (Forsk.), is perhaps
fit
ir i
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