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CH RO NOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
Sonchus arvensis of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Greece “ söh ö s” or “ söhöus”
(Fraas), and the 6 T 6 PO C : C O fX 0 C described by Dioscorides as tender and AC N A P UUAeC with
broad or wide-spread leaves and an unbranching stem, — is referred here by Fraas, and with a mark
of doubt by Sibthorp ii. p. 361 : S. arvensis was observed by Sibthorp in waste ground from Constantinople
to Greece. Westward, according to Tournefort inst. 474 is by many called “ hieracium
majus ; ” is known to occur in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 606,
Curt. lond. iv. pl. 53, Scop., and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America,
where it has been observed by myself in grass-grown clearings from the Lower St. Lawrence to
Salem, and is known to occur as far as Staten Island and the neighbouring portion of New Jersey
(A. Gray).
Sonchus palustris of Europe and Northern Asia. The “ ëtërôs söghös ” of Dioscorides — is
however referred here by Sprengel : S. palustris was observed by Sibthorp in the marshes of the
Peloponnesus. Westward, is termed “ s. asper arborescens ” by Tournefort inst. 474 ; and is known
to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 1109, Curt. lond. v. pl. 59, and
P ers).
Jasione montana of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain sheep's-bit or
sheep's-bit-scabious (Prior) ; and the Ol K IM 0 6 1 A ËC of Dioscorides, having UUKIMUU-like leaves,
hairy branches, and pods like Y 0 C KYÀM UU, — is referred here by Lobel iii. go: J. montana was
observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from the Dardanelles to the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, the
“ ôkim ôëithës” or “ p r ö v a ta ia n or “ ëlaphiôn” or “ antimimon ” or “ porphuritha ” is identified in
Syn. Diosc. with the “ ökimaströum ” of the Romans: J. montana is described also by Dodoens
(Spreng.); is termed “ rapunculus scabiosæ capitulo cæ ruleo” by Tournefort inst. 113 ; and is known
to grow from Denmark throughout France to the Pyrenees (fl. Dan. pi, 31g, Lapeyr., and P ers.).
Campanula medium of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ medion” (Riccio,
and Targ.), and the MHAION of Dioscorides, — and Pliny x.xvii. 79, is referred here by Matthioli
and others: C. medium is described by Dodoens pempt. 163 ; is termed “ c. hortensis folio et flore
oblongo cæruleo” by Tournefort inst. 109; is known to occur in woods in France, Italy, and Germany
; and was observed by Sibthorp in shady woods on the Bithynian Olympus and around Constan-
tiirople.
Globnlaria alypum of the Mediterranean countries. A small-leaved shrubby plant about two feet
high, called in Greece “ stôurëki” or sometimes “ sën n a” (Sibth.) ; and the aAyTTON of Dioscorides,
growing on the seashore of Libya and other countries, and possessing purgative properties,—■
prescribed also by Actuarius (Ruel. iii. 132), is referred here by writers ; G. alypum was observed by
Delile on the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus
to the Greek islands. Westward, the “ alypon” is mentioned by Pliny xxvii. 7; G. alypum is
described by Lobel adv. 158; is termed “ a. monspeliensium s. frutex terribilis” by Bauhin hist,
i. 598, “ g. fruticosa myrti folio tridentato” by Tournefort inst. 467; was observed by Garidel pi. 42
in Southern France ; and according to Sprengel, and Lindley, is not.rare on the rocky shores of the
Mediterranean.
Calystegia soldanella of Temperate dimates, of the shore of the Mediterranean and Atlantic as
far as Britain and Madeira, and the Austral and Northern shores of the Pacific. The 0 A A A CC I A :
K P A M B H of Dioscorides, with leaves resembling those of C T P O r r Y Ä H : A P I C T O A o X I A and
arising singly from red branches, its juice milkfo and saltish and the cooked plant purgative, — mentioned
also by Rufus Ephesius, is referred here by writers : C. soldanella was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, in sand of the seashore from Bithynia around the Peloponnesus. Westward,
the account by Pliny xx. 38 of the “ marina brassica” seems taken from Dioscorides : C. soldanella
is described by C. Bauhin pin. 295, and Morison i. pl. 3; is termed “ c. maritimus nostras rotundifoliu
s” by Tournefort inst. 83 ; is known to grow on the seashore from Carniolia around Italy, Spain,
Madeira, as far as Britain and Holland (Engl. bot. pl. 314, and Pers.) ; and in the Pacific, on the seashore
of Chili, California, New Zealand, and Australia (R. Br., J. D. Flook., and A. D ec,). By European
colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it was observed by Bojer under cultivation
and seldom flowering. The branches are described by Sprengel as reddish with bitter and salti.sh
milky juice, and the root according to Lindley is “ purgative.”
Lithospermum fruticosum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ thathaki ”
(Sibth.); and the A r X 0 Y C A : A A A H third kind of Dioscorides resembling the preceding but having
smaller red fruit, the root expelling n A A T e i A N : e A M I N 0 A tape-worm, — is referred here by
Sprengel from the agreement in the carpels : L. fruticosum is described by Alpinus exot. pl. 68 ; and
was obs^ved by Sibthorp on the Greek islands and mountainous parts of Greece. Westward, the
account qf the tliird anchusa by Pliny xxii. 25 seems taken from Dioscorides, except that the word
“ karpon” fruit is read “ fiore” flower: L. fruticosum is described by Barrelier pl. 1168, and Garidel
pl. IS; is termed “ buglossum fruticosum rorismarini folio ” by Tournefort inst. 134; was observed
by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and
Spreng.).
Frankenia hirsuta of the East Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. Tlie E i e P A ; A N
e Y A A I C of Dioscorides, in leaves and branches resembling X AM A I TTI T Y I but more hairy shorter
and rougher, flower purple, heavy-scented, and root as in K I X UU p I OY , — is referred here by Fraas
p. 114 mid 171 ; F. hirsuta is termed “ alsine cretica maritima supina caule hirsuto foliis quasi vermi-
culatis flore candido ” by Tournefort cor. 45 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on the
seashore from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; by Hasselquist, on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt
near Alexandria (D el.) ; and is known to grow in Siberia (Pers.). Westward, Pliny xxi. 103 adds to
the account of Dioscorides, that the “ altera ” kind grows in stony places : F. hirsuta is known to grow
at the Southern extreme of Italy (Pers.).
Hyoscyamus rehculatus of the East Mediterranean countries. The black-seeded YOCKYA
MOC, having according to Dioscorides purplish flowers, CMlAAKI- l ike leaves, and the calyx-cup
hard and spinescent,— is referred here by Sprengel: the “ hyoscyamus nigro sem in e” with flowers
“ paene purpuréis,” is said by Pliny x.xv. 17 to'grow in Galatia : H. reticulatus is described by Clusius
pahnon. p. 502, and Camerarius hort. pi. 22 ; is known on Crete and in Syria (Pers,, and Spreng.) ;
and farther South on the border of Egypt, was observed by Delile near Salehyeh and Quatyeh, a vernal
plant. The flowers according to Linnæus are red, beautifully reticulated with dusky veins.
Lycium A frm n of W est Africa. The P A M N 0 C : A £ Y K 0 T 6 P A one of the three kinds distinguished
by Dioscorides, — is referred here by Sprengel: L. Afrum is described by Trew and Ehret
pl 24; is termed “ jasminoides linearifolium ” by Moench ; is known to occur in Spain and Barbary
(Pers.), on tlie Canaries (Reichb.), the Cape Verd Islands (Schm .), in Guinea (fl. Nigr.) ; and was
observed by Drège and Meyer in wild situations in Austral Africa (A. D ec.). Eastward, has been
met with in Egypt, Palestine, and at Medina in Arabia (P ers.). By European colonists, has recently
been “ introduced from the Cape of Good Hope ” into the environs of Bombay (Lush, and Graham),
Linaria spuria of the Mediterranean countries. The CA AT I N H growing according to D ioscorides
in grain-fields and cultivated ground, its root giving out five or six slender shoots a span
long, leaves C A e I N H-like but smaller and rounder and hairy, austere in taste,— mentioned also
by Paulus Aegineta, is referred here by Lobel, and with a mark of doubt by Sibthorp : L. spuria
was observed by Sibthorp, and Link, frequent in vineyards and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus
throughout the Greek islands ; and farther South, by Delile, at Damietta on the Mediterranean
border of Egypt. Westward, the account by Pliny xxvii. 50 of the “ elatine” seems chiefly taken
from Dioscorides : L. spuria is described by Lobel adv. p. 197 (Spreng.) ; is termed by Gerarde,
and others, malefluellin from its soft velvety leaves (Prior), “ I. segetum nummulariæ folio villoso”
by Tournefort inst. 169; is known to occur in Sicily, Spain, and throughout middle Europe as far as
Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 913, Pers., Brot., and Guss.), was clearly introduced into Britain, and only
in Italy found outside of cultivated ground (Seb. and Mauri fl. rom. p. 203, and A. D ec.).
Linaria Graeca of the East Mediterranean countries. The “ ëlatinë ” of Dioscorides — is referred
here by Fraas : L. Graeca is described by Chaubard, and was observed by him, and Fraas, the most
frequent kind in cultivated and fallow ground in Attica and the Peloponnesus.
Linaria elatine of the Tauro-Caspian countries. The “ ëlatin ë” of Dio.scorides,— and Pliny,
is referred here by Montigiano (Targ.) and others : L. elatine was observed by Sibthorp in vineyards
and cultivated ground throughout Greece as far as Constantinople, the Greek islands, and Cyprus;
by Delile, at Alexandria on the Mediterranean border of Egypt; and farther East, is known to occur
in the Crimea, and to all appearance indigenous in the country South of Caucasus (Hohen., C. A.
Mey., and A. D ec.). Westward, is described by Matthioli p. 396 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ 1. segetum
nummulariæ foiio aurito et villoso flore luteo et flore cæruleo ” by Tournefort inst. 169; is known
as a weed in cultivated ground in Algeria, Italy, and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark,
and was clearly introduced into Britain (fl. Dan. pi. 426, Pers., Lenz, and A. D ec.). By European
colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in waste ground from Eastern Massachusetts
to North Carolina, “ scarce” (A . Gray, and Chapm.). The plant according to Lindley “ is
said to be bitter and purgative.”
Linaria Aeqyptiaca of the Egyptian Desert. Called in Egypt “ asjib ed d ib ” or “ doræjse”
(Forsk.), and perhaps the “ elarasch ” identified with the “ elathini ” — by Ebn Baitar : L. Aegyptiaca
was observed by Lippi, Forskal, and Delile, from Memphis and Cairo to the Isthmus of Suez, indigenous
in the Desert. Farther North, was observed by Sibthorp frequent in vineyards and fallow
giound and along hedges on the Greek islands.
Linaria cymbalaria of the East Mediterranean countries. The XAMAIKICCOC growing
according to Dioscorides in cultivated ground, its root slender and worthless giving out five or six
leafy sprigs a span long, leaves ivy-like but more elongate, and flowers resembling A £ Y K 0 I 0 I C .
and strongly bitter, — may be compared : L. cymbalaria was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
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