Hi
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“ K a y r ” (Nicobar I « ? ) ; K O p U O r t A A O N from the next region; and at last m £ T a « N
( s i lk ) from Tsimsta (China), beyond which tliere is nothing but ocean Eastward
P t e r o c a f f iu s s a u / a ln m s of Southern Hindustan. Called in Bengalee “ rutka-chiindun ” or
chundana m Sanscrit “ chandana;” in which we recognize the TZaNAaNQN exported from
Ceylon in the days of Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. p. 337 r e d s a n d a /w o o d v ,a s found by Hieronymo
de Santo Stephano so abundant m Coromandel that houses were built of it (R. H. Major in soc
Haki.) ; and is known to be the product of P. santalinus, a lofty tree growing on the Palicat mountain?
(Pers.) T he imported timber is described as heavy and of a deep red colour, marked with blackish
veins ; b^ut according to Lindley, is “ chiefly used by the dyers and colour manufacturers of the
j^rcsGnt u3.y. Caryophydns aromaticus of the Moluccas. The K Q p U 0 $ U A A 0 N brought from the far East
to Ceylon in the days of Cosmas Indicopleu s te s , -and known in th e Mediterranean countries to
laulus Aegineta vii. 3, and Symeon Sethus, is admitted to be c /o v e s : among the Arabs, cloves are
mentioned by Rhazes, and Avicenna; I met with a quantity imported by the way of Mecca into the
Thebaid ; and the medicinal use m Egypt of “ quriimfil abjad” is enumerated by Forskal mat. med.
Even in tlie Moluccas, C. aromaticus is perhaps unknown in the wild state (A. Dec.) ; an indigenous
tree producing buds that are not aromatic being regarded by Rumphius ii. pl. i to 3 as the oririn •
the cultivation of the aromatic kind, unknown elsewhere until recently, has been successfully inVo?
duced by the Arabs into Zanzibar, the climate in both instances being strictly Equatorial Besides
toOTh/h^ + i ! d l ’) ° ^ ° ' ' ' ' ' ' “ stimulant and carminative,” and the oil “ is a common remedy for
“ p 4 A. D.” (Wathen soc. calcutt. iv. 480, and Elph. iv. r), in Guzerat, the Ballabi dynasty of
kings terminated by an invading army of barbarians (supposed by Tod to be Parthians) It was
succeeded by the Chauras, another Rajput tribe.
nf te" P- “ 567 the earliest instance
of the use of the In the writings of Dionysius Exiguus, a Scythian monk. - This
substitution for the Diocletian Era was by degrees adopted throughout Europe; but the ori-inal
computation has continued uninterrupted among the Christian population of Egypt to the pre^’sent
day (Bane).
, “ te this y e a r ” (Percev. i. 130), through the cooperation of Justin and the patriarch of Alexandria,
Dhou-Nowas defeated and slain by the forces of the Abyssinian king Elesbas or Caleb : the victorious
general Aryat becoming governor or viceroy of Yemen.
Manuscripts of about this date, “ 523 to 526 A. D . ” (De Wailly pl, hi. i and 2), presenting the
toilowing forms of the letters m, n. r- a
“ 526 A. D ” (Lib. pontif., and Clint.), Joannes bishop of Rome returning from Constantinople,
imprisonedat Ravenna by Theodoric; and dying “ May 25th,” his body transported to Rome, and
Fehx ordained hts successor. — Theodoric is called “ Dietrich of Bern ” (Verona) in the Niebelun»en-
Lied (Sm. b. d.).
“ Aug 30th” (Paul. Diac., Lib. pontif., and Clint.), death of Theodoric, and accession at
Ravenna of his grandson Athalaric, third Gothic king of Italy.
“ In the Sixth century under the Eastern Gothic government” (Lubke and Lutrow), the basilica
S. Apollinare built near Ravenna. — “ This wonderful church is still well preserved.”
Aetius about this time writing. — He is mentioned by Alexander Trallianus (Sm. b. d.).
E r y i t g iu z n ? la t e r i j lo r u m of the East Mediterranean countries. A singular plant, dividincr above
into numerous branches (Pers.): the “ eryngium montanum ” of Aetius, having small narrower leaves,
and yellow flowers in the form of an eye, — may be compared : an “ eryngium ” having “ aureum vel
galbmeum flowers is mentioned also by Vegetius i. r ; to iii. 2 (Dod. iv. 4. 13): E. lateriflorum was
mistaken for a grass by Tournefort cor. p. 39 and termed “ gramen orientale spicatum; ” is known to
grow * in Oriente ” (Pers.) ; but according to Delaroche is not an Eryngium (Steud )
T h y m u s g r a v e o le n s of Greece. The black 0 UmOC called £ A A £ B 0 p 0 C , ' to be avoided
according to Aetius — (Caesalp. XI 47), may be compared: T. graveolens is described by Sibthorp
pl. 576, as observed on mount Parnassus.
S e r a p ia s r u b r a and the adjoining portion of Asia. An orchid called in Germany
ragwurtz ^ (F uchs . ) ; and the T p 1 O p X I C of A e t iu s , - a n d Paulus Aegineta, may be compared:
S. rubra, triple-rooted, is termed “ triOrchis serapias mas ” by Fuchsius pl. 559, “ helleborine montana
angustifolia purpurascens” by Tournefort inst. 436 ; was observed by Crantz in Austria, by Haller pl.
42 in Switzerland ; and is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 345,
Engl. bot. pi. 437, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp in woods on mount Parnassus.
“ 527, April to July 3 1 s t ” (coins, Cedren., and Clint.), Justin succeeded by Justinian, ninth
Byzantine emperor.
“ te or about this year ” (Bentl. as. res. viii. 233), the positions of the colures found by Brahma
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 575
Gupta to differ “ 23° 20^ from the time of Parasara. Brahma Gupta founded a new System with a
period of millions of years, and no Sanscrit writing following the new System earlier therefore than
this date.*
“ Under Justinian ” (Sharpe), traces of an independent Egyptian coi7iage again make their appearance
: the inscriptions continuing in Latin ; but the abbreviated name of Alexandria is in Greek
letters, and the systeni of weights differs from that of Constantinople.
“ At this t ime” (Leontius act. Sanct. Jan. xxiii.), corn carried in Alexandrian ships to Cornwall
in Britain, and exchanged for tÎ7i.
528 A. D. (Pauth. 277), after reigning “ twenty-six” years, Wou-ti V. abdicating, became a convert
to B u d h z s 77i, and made himself a bonze or priest. He was however brought back to the palace
by the chief men, and reinstated. — From this time Budhists and Budhist temples became numerous
in China.
The teocallies or pyramids .or Teotihuacan, the most ancient M e x ic a 7 t 77ionu77ie7its, built before
the arrival of the Toltecs — (Humb. atl. pict. ; see A. D. 648).
P h a s e o lu s v u lg a r i s of Tropical America. The k id 7iey-b ea 7t, called in the bay of St. Lawrence
“ sahe ” (J. Cart.), on the Roanoak “ okindgier ” and a smaller kind “ wikozowa ” (Har.). in the Oiii-
chua language of Peru “ purutu,” in Mexican “ ayacotli ; ” and cultivated by American tribes Rom
the earliest times — (Humb., . . . iv. 9) : “ a sort of beans ” was found by Columbus under cultivation
on Cuba, and “ red and white beans ” were afterwards seen by him in Honduras (F. Columb. 28 to
90): beans were found by De Soto cultivated by the aboriginals in Florida : “ febues ” were seen by
J. Cartier in the bay of St. Lawrence: beans of various colours, by Plariot on the Roanoak, also a
smaller kind little differing in form but more like pease (De Bry i.) : “ beanes ” were seen by Newport
in 1607 in ascending the James river : “ beans of various collours,” by the English colonists in
1620 on first landing on Cape Cod ; and “ Indian beans falsely calleci French beans ” are enumerated
by Jo^sselyn rar. 56 : P. vulgaris is known to be cultivated in Northeast America from Florida nearly
to 48°. By European colonists, may have been carried from Canada by the way of France to England
; was already in Europe in the days of Fuchsius 708, Matthioli, and Dodoens ; was observed by
Chaubard in Greece ; by Forskal, “ lubia Frandji ” in Egypt ; by Royle, under cultivation at Cash-
mere (A. Dec.)'; by Graham, “ commonly cultivated ” in the environs of Bombay, but not seen by
myself ; by Wight, in other portions of peninsular Hindustan ; bv Thunberg, in Japan ; also by European
colonists was carried to the Hawaiian Islands, verified by myself.
P h a s e o lu s co c c i7ie u s , by some considered a variety only, probably also known to the tribes of
Northeast America : — it is called s c a r le t r z am e r , and continues to be planted with the preceding, as
though by borrowed custom. Transported to Europe, is termed “ faseolus puniceo flore ” by Cornuti
pl. 185, as cultivated for ornament at Paris ; is clescribed also by Linnæus, and Kniphof cent. xii. 75
(Steud., and Pers.) ; ancl was observed by Chaubard on the Greek islands.
M a / iih o t u t i t i s s i777a of Eastern Equatorial America. The c a s s a v a or ta p io c a shrub, called in the
West Inclies “ y u c a ” (Ovied.), and cultivated by American tribes from the most remote antiquity _
(Humb. iv. 9): “ cazabi” seasoned with “ axis ” was found by Columbus the principal diet of the
natives of Aiti or Hayti (F. Columb. 34 to 36 ; and a kind of bread called “ caçabi,” made of roots
of tee “ yuca,” is mentioned by Oviedo nat. hyst. f. 6 ; is known to have also been cultivated by the
native tribes throughout Brazil (Pohl) ; M. utilissima was observed also in and around the West
Indies by J. Acosta, Plumier, ancl Sloane. By European colonists, was carried to Equatorial Africa
(Thonn. guin., and Benth.'fl. nigr.), observed by Grant in Interior Africa South of the Equator,
ascertained by myself to be cultivated by the Unyamuezi, observed also on Zanzibar; was carried
also to the Mauritius Islands (Thomas stat. Bourb. ii. 18, and A. Dec.) ; “ by the Por tuguese” to
Hindustan, observed by Ainslie, and Graham, in gardens as “ an ornamental shrub,” but now according
to Drury extensively cultivated in the Southern districts and called in iMalabar “ maracheenie,”
in ramil “ maravallie,” the poorer classes living on the root during three months of the year ; to ■
Burmah, where it is called “ pu-laii-pe-nang-myouk,” and its root boiled and eaten by Karens and
burmese (Mason v. 507) ; ancl to the Philippines, where it is called in Tagalo “ camoting cahoi ”
ancl many varieties are cultivated (Blanco). ’
H ip ta g e 77ia d a b lo ta of Tropical Hindustan and Buimiah. A large woody climbing plant called
in Hindustan “ maclhavilata ” (W. Jones), in the environs of Bombay “ bokhee ” or^“ utimookta ”
(Graham); a favourite with Sakuntala, who terms it “ delight of the woods,” — mentioned also by
Jayadeva, and Kalidasa (W. Jones as. res. iv. 282), and the “ atimukta” by Susrutas chikits. 19 to
kalp. 7 : H. madablota was observecl in Hindustan by Rheede vi. pl. 59, Roxburgh, and W i g h t ; by
Graham, “ in great abundance on the Ghauts,” the flowers fringed and very beautiful, one" of the
petals yellow and the other four white ; the bark according to Lush “ a very good sub-aromatic bitter.”
1' arther East, is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah.
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