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“ 109 A. D.” ( = 114 — “ 6th year of reign” in the Mahavamsa xxxv.), in Ceylon, death of queen
Seeliewallie, and escape from bondage of her successor king Ellowena.
“ 112A. D . ” ( = 1 0 9 + “ 3 y e a r s ” in the Mahavamsa xxxv.), Ellowena, returning “ with great
forces” from “ the coast Malaya,” recovered his kingdom of Ceylon.
“ 113 A. D . ” (Dio, and Clint.), in Rome, Trajan’s column erected. — To the present day, remaining
almost entirely uninjured.
“ In the reign of Trajan ” fSiiid.), Rufus Ephesius writing. He quotes Zeuxis, Dioscorides, and
Posidonius the physician, divides the nerves into two classes, those of sensibility and those of motion,
— and is himself quoted by Galen (Greenhill in Sm. b. d.).
S p e r g u la r 'ia n ib r a of Northern climates. Called in Greece “ mëlëgônôn ” (Sibth.) : the “ mouron
rouge ” first mentioned by Rufus Ephesius as a remedy in hydrophobia — (Spreng. hist. med. ii. p. 48) :
S. rubra was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constantinople
; is known to grow also around Caucasus and throughout Siberia as far as lake Baikal (Ledeb.).
Farther South, was observed by Delile in Lower Egypt as far as Cairo ; by myself, in Upper Egypt ;
is known to occur also in Abyssinia (A. Rich.). Westward, is termed “ alstne spergulæ facie minor”
by Tournefort inst. 244 ; was observed by Desfontaines, and Munby, in Barbary ; and is known to
grow in middle and Northern Europe as far as Archangel (Engl. bot. pl. 852, Wahl., and A. Dec ).
Farther West, is known to grow on the Azores (Wats.) ; in Northeast America, seems most abundant
within a few miles of the sea, in roadways and waste ground often by human means transported from
place to place, and I have met with it more than forty miles inland ; is known to occur also on the
Western coast of America at Sitclia (Ledeb.).
S p e r g u la r ’ia m e d ia , erect and larger in all its parts, but regarded as probably not distinct. Clearly
indigenous in salt marshes along our Atlantic coast as observed by myself from Lat. 43° to 38°; observed
by Elliot in “ brackish marshes ” in South Carolina ; and by Chapman, in Florida. Eastward,
is termed “ alsine spergulæ facie media” by Tournefort inst. 244, “ ar. maritima” by Linnæus lap.
(Steud.) ; is known to grow on the European seashore from Sweden to Portugal and Italy (fl. Dan.
pl. 740, Wats., Brot , and Savi) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the shore of the
Peloponnesus ; by Granger, and Olivier, on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt (Del.) ; and by Bieberstein,
in Tauria. In the Southern Hemisphere, is knovvn to occur at Valparaiso in Chili, and on the
island of Juan Fernandez (C. Gay, and Hook.).
E r v u m zzion afitlio s o i the Mediterranean countries. An annual weed: the 4>AK0 e i Ae c prescribed
by Rufus Ephesius — may be compared : E. monanthos was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated
ground from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, is termed “ vicia sylvestris cum lentis siliqua ”
by Bauhin his t ii. 316, “ lens monanthos” by Tournefort inst 390 ; is knovvn to grow in various parts
of Southern Europe (Pers.) ; was observed by Desfontaines ii. 165 in Barbary ; but is not known to
be employed medicinally.
1 14 A. D. ( = 116 — “ 3d year of his reign ” of the Mahavamsa xxxv.), Ellowena succeeded by his
son Sandigamonal, now king of Ceylon.
“ In this y e a r ” (Dio, and Clint.), departure of Trajan on his Eastern expedition.
The practice of s h e a th m g s h ip s well known. Trajan’s galley being covered with a sheet o f le a d
fastened on with little c o p p e r nS\\s : — as ascertained after “ more than thirteen hundred y e a r s ” when
it was raised from the bottom of the Lake of Riccia (Alberti arch. v. 12, in Churchill coll.).
“ 115 A. D . ” (Act. martyr., and Clint.), Ignatius a disciple of the evangelist Jolin, brought before
Trajan at Antioch at the time of a severe e a r th q u a k e theVe ; and in accordance with his own request,
sent to Rome to perish by wild beasts in the amphitheatre.
“ The same y e a r ” (Euseb., and Clint.), sedition of the Jews in Egypt and Cyrene. — After continuing
two years, suppressed by Trajan.
Fresh o y s te r s , “ ostrëa,” preserved by Apicius after a method of his own, sent by him to Trajan
in Parthia, many days distant from the sea (Athen. i. p. 7, and Suid.).
P e u c e d a n u m p a lu s t r e of Northern and middle Europe. Called in Britain m i lk y p a r s l e y (Prior),
in Germany “ olsenich” (Dod.) ; and the S I L -M O N T A N V M of Apicius — may be compared: remnants
of P. palustre have been found in the lake-villages of Switzerland (Heer) : the plant is described
by Dodoens, and Bauhin hist. ; is termed “ selinum palustre” by Linnæus, “ s. lactescens ” by Lamarck
fl. fr. ; and is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 257, and Crantz
austr. 170), its root used for ginger by the Russians, and “ a famous remedy in Courland in epilepsy ”
(Rust, and Lindl.).
C a la m in th a n ep e ta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The N E P E T A -M O N T A N A
used in cookery by Apicius — is referred here by Dierbach, and others : C. nepeta is described by
Matthioli‘(Spreng.) ; is termed “ c. pulegii odore sive nepeta” by Tournefort inst. 194 ; was observed
by Forskal'hear Marseilles ; and is known to grow from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as
Britain (Scop., Lam. fl. fr., Pers., Curt. lond. vi. pl. 40, and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by
&
Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands.
B v European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized, recurring
in “ waste places and road-sides” (Chapm.) from Virginia to Georgia, and found by Nuttall already
c ib a r iu s of Europe. The F V Ñ G 1 - F A G I N E I of Apicius, - are referred by Dierbach
to this e d ib le m u s h r o om . 1 ^ a
116 A. D. ( = 137 — “ 22d year of reign” in the Mahavamsa xxxv.), Sandigamonal succeeded
by his son Gayabahoo, now king of Ceylon.*
* C o c c u lu s ( T i l ia c o r a l a c u m in a iu s of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Woody and twining
to a m-eat extent, called in Bengalee “ tiliakora,” in Telinga “ tiga-mushadee,” in Hindustanee “ baga-
mushada” (Lindl.) or “ baga-luta ” (Dru r . ) ; and from early times rubbed between two stones and
mixed with water as an antidote to snake-bites observed by Rheede vn pl. 3 m Malabar ; by
Nimmo, in “ the Concans” as far as Bombay (Graham); by Colebrooke, and Roxburgh, among
hedcres and bushes from Coromandel to Bengal ; by Mason, indigenous m Burmah.
M e n i s p e rm u m { C o s c in iw n ) f e z i e s t r a tu m of Ceylon and Southern Hindustan. A stout woo y
climber called in Cingalese “ womivol” or “ venivel” or “ bangvvelgetta” (Lmdl.), m Tamil mara
munjel,” in Telinga “ mani-pussupoo ” (Drur.) ; and from early times in Ceylon, the water in which
the sliced root has been steeped drank as a stomachic observed by Ainshe, and Roxburgh as
far as the Aurungole Pass and Courtallum, its root brought from the mountains and sold m the
bazaars, and according to Drury its bitter deep yellow wood has given rise lo the name of tr e e t u r m
e r ic . From transported specimens, described by Gaertner i pl. 46. , . n ^
M e n i s p e rm u m {C ly p ea ) B u r m a n n i of Tropical Hindustan. A climbing herbaceous p ant called
in the environs of Bombay “ pakur ” (Graham); and from early times its extremely bitter root
employed medicinally in dysentery, intermittent fevers, and liver complaints : — observed by Rheede
vii. pW 9 in Malabar; by Graham, on “ the Ghauts ” and “ hilly parts of the Concan, not very
common;” by Roxburgh, and Wight, in Coromandel (Lindl.) ; and by Burmann pl. loi , on Ceylon.
From transported specimens, is described by Lamarck, and Gaertner ii. pl. 180.
K y d i a c a ly c in a of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A Sterculioid tree called in Telinga pan-
dikee ” in Hindustanee “ choupultea” (Lindl.). in the environs of Bombay “ warung” or “ warungud
(Graham) ; and its mucilaginous bark used from early times as sudorific and in cutaneous diseases :
— observed by Graham in the “ Kennery forests” and “ along the Ghauts, pret^_ common; by
Roxburgh, and Wight, from Mysore and the slopes of the Neilgherries to the Circar mountains
and Nepal (Lindl., and Drur.), the bark in the Northern provinces according to Royle used to
clarify sugar. Farther East according to Mason v. 537 growing in Burmah and called Hioke-may-
za,” the laphngs found by McClelland ‘ -used for their great strength and elasticity for making
of Tropical Hindustan. A small Aurantiaceous tree called in Bengalee ‘ ‘ bur-
sunga,” in Telinga “ kari-vepa,” in Tamil “ kamwepila ” (Lindl.) or “ carroova-pillay m Hindustanee
“ karav-paak ” (Drur.), in the environ.s of Bombay “ koodia neem ” (Graham) ; and from early times,
its har'd and durable wood used for implements of husbandry, lim b o le e oil procured from its seeds,
ancl its dried aromatic leaves sold in the bazaars to be put in curries ; - observed by Rheede iv. ph
S3 in Malabar ; by Roxburgh, on the Circar mountains ; by Ainslie, and Wight, in othei paits ot
Hindustan ; by Graham, in “ gardens Bombay,” but “ B. integerrima” common “ on the Ghauts and
also called “ koodia neem,” perhaps the same species “ in its wild state.”
C a lo p h y l lu m c a la b a of Western Hindustan. A handsome tree with cuneate obovate leaves
called in Tamil “ cheroo-pinnay,” in Malabar “ tsirou-panna” (Dru r . ) ; and from early tunes its
fruit eaten, and p o o t u n j c e oil for lamps expressed from it ; - observed by Kheede iv. + 39 Ma foliar
; by Nimmo, in “ S. Concan” (Graham), nearly as tar as Bombay; by Wight, and Diury,
as Travancore ; and by Burmann pl. 60 (Pers.), on Ceylon. „ .
S c h m id e l ia s e r r a ta of Tropical Hindustan. A forge straggling Sapincfoceous shrub called in
Telinga “ taualikoe,” in Hindustanee “ rakhal-phuL’ (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay teepin
or “ mendrie ” (Graham) ; and from early times, its ripe berries eaten and its astringent root employe^^
medicinally in diarrhoea : - observed by Rheede v. pl. 25 in Malabar ; by Graliam, on the Ghauts
as far as Bombay, and found by Murray “ very common at Maliableshwur ; by Roxburgh, and W lit
as far as Coromandel and Bengal (Lindl., and Drur.) ; and is termed “ rhus cobbe by Linnæus as
received from Ceylon (Pers.). , ^ • i * ^
S c h le ic h e r a t r o i k a of Tropical Hinclustan and Burmah. A pninate-leaved Sapmdaceous tree
fifty feet high and called in Telinga “ ma y ” or “ koatangha,” in Tamil “ zohm-bunki ^(I mdl o^^
“ poo-marum,” in Malabar “ poovum” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay koosimb or
66
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