1056 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
the degradation of the prince of Matsmai, judged incapable of protecting his subjects, and the conversion
of his principality with Yezo and the Kuriles into an imperial province.
“ In this y e a r ” (Klapr. mem. ii. 299), Klaproth at Irkoutsk in Siberia.
“ In this y e a r ” (suppl. Sibth.), Bivona Bernard! publishing his Cent. Plant. Sic. ; — his Monogr.
Tolpid. “ in 1S09.” ,
Carex serrulata of the Mediterranean countries. Observed by Bivona in Sicily: — by Chaubard,
in the subalpine portion of the Peloponnesus.
Orchis Brancifortii of the Mediterranean countries. Observed by Bivona in Sicily ; — by Tenore,
in Italy and termed “ o. quadripunctata,” by Chaubard on the flanks of Taygetus in the Peloponnesus
.O
rchis longibracteata of the Mediterranean countries. Observed by Bivona pl. 4 in Sicily ; —
by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus.
Feb. 8th (Durand in Am. phil. trms ), F. A. Michaux on his way to America captured by a British
ship, but allowed to go on sliore at Bermuda. Lie reached Maine towards the end of May, and his
Notice of Bermuda was published at Paris before the close of the year (Winckl.).
‘■July I2th ” (Nicol.), through the emperor Napoleon, the Confederation of the Rhine : Francis II.
ceasing to be emperor of Germany and Italy; but becoming Austrian emperor, with the succession
made hereditary.
“ Oct. 25th” (Maunder), Berlin occupied by the French under Napoleon. “ Dec. 24th,” war
carried by the French beyond the Vistula into Eastern Prussia.
As early as this year (Pers.. and Winckl ), Heinrich Gustav. Floerke publishing descriptions of
plants; — “ in 1809-15,” his Lichen. Germ. ; and died ‘rin 1835.”
P e d ic u la r i s a sp le n ifo lia o f alpine summits from Austria to the Himalaya and Northwest America.
Observed by Floerke on the Salsburg Alps (bot. zeit, pl , Willd., and Pers.), and known to grow on
the Himalaya (Benth.), but not found in the intervening country (A. Dec.). Farther East, observed
by Mertens around Norton Sound.
“ In this y e a r ” (append. Sibth.), after the first volume “ in 1805,” Sims and König publishing the
Second volume of their Annals of Botany,* enumerating Atragene Americana, Silene regia.
“ In this y e a r ” (Winckl.), Swartz publi.shing his Synops. filicum, enumerating Woodsia oblusa
(Willd.) : — his Summ. veg. scand. “ in 1814,” and died ‘ rin 1818.”
“ In this y e a r ” (Winckl.), H. A. Schrader publishing his Fior. German. — He died “ in 1836.”
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Edw. Rudge publishing his Plant, guian. rar.
As early as this year (Pers. ii. p. 301), Turpin visiting Hayti, meeting with Glycine lignosa.
“ In this y e a r ” (A . Dec. p. 717), Shecutt publishing his Flor. Carol.
In this year (Pursh pref. p. xii), Aloysius Enslen in Georgia and Lower Louisiana, meeting with f
Lyihricm alatum. Ir is cziprea, Centaurella aestivalis, Rhexia stricta, Helianiheimim rosziiarinifohum,
Dipteracanthus cihosus. Tephrosia chrysophylla, Silphium laevigahim.
“ In this y e a r ” (pref. p. ix ) , Pursh journeying across Pennsylvania to Lake Ontario and the
mountains of New Hampshire, “ returning as before by the sea-coast,” meeting with J
cymbalai'ia, Viola rostrata, V. clandestina, Prinos laevigatus, Lysimachia longifolia, A cerates v ir idiflora,
S a lix angustata, S. pedicellaris, Platatithera orbiczilata, Cyperus inflexus, Panicum dcpaupe-
rÈhim, P. elongatum, Galium micranthum, Swertia pusilla. Alliuni triflorum.
“ 1807, June” (Maunder), an American ship of war fifed into by a British ship of superior force,
and after striking her flag, searched for deserters ; and four men carried away. — The affair led fir.st
to an embargo, and eventually to war.
“ The same year ” ( . . . .) , Selim 111, succeeded by Mustafa IV., thirtieth Turkish sultan. The
English in this year (Ciot-Bey, and other.s) took possession of Alexandria: but after about six months,
were compelled to re embark.
* Nymphæa ampla of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. Described
by Salisbury in ann. bot. ii. 69 (Steud.). Known to grow wild on Hayti, Jamaica, around Vera Cruz,
and in Guayana (Dec. syst. ii. 54. and A. Dec.).
f Sagina decuznbens of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. Observed by Enslen in Carolina
(Ph., and Wats ) ; termed “ spergula decumbens” by Elliot ; observed by Chapman, in “ damp cultivated
ground, common : ” was received by Torrey and Gray from Louisiana. Eastward, is termed
“ s. E lio tii” by Fenzl, though according to Decandolle, and A. Decandolle, occurring in middle
Europe.
t Potentilla arguta of Northeast America. Observed by Pursh in Canada and along the Susquehanna
in Pennsylvania, and termed “ geum agrimonoides;” — by Bigelow, near Boston, and termed
“ B o o tia ;” by myself, near Salem, the flowers white: its Southern limit may thus be placed at about
41° 30'-
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
“ Nov. 9th ” (Maunder), in consequence of French invasion, sailing of the royal family of Portugal
for Brazil.
“ The same y e a r ” ( . . . . ) , by Fulton, the steam engine successfully applied to navigation.
F . A. Michaux, taking passage in the boat on its return voyage down the Hudson, continued Southward
through the Atlantic States as far as Georgia, — and after nearly three years stay left America
“ in 1809” (Durand in Am. phil. trans.).
“ In this y e a r ” (Winckl.), A. L. Jussieu publishing memoirs on Dicliptera,* Curanga, Uydropi-
tyoii, and Physkmm.
“ 1808 A. D .” (Maunder, and Nicol.), Charles I I . of Spain succeeded by Ferdinand V I I . ; who
before the close of the year was superseded by Joseph Bonaparte, a brother of Napoleon.
“ The same y e a r ” ( . . . . ) , Mustafa IV. succeeded by Mahmood IL, thirty-first Turkish sultan.
“ In this year ” (Jap. mann. 232), Capt. Pellew in a British armed ship, looking for Dutch vessels,
arriving off Nagasaki seized the Dutch boat and entered the port without ceremony; and not
finding the expected vessels, again retired. The affair caused the suicide of several Japanese officials,
and instilled among the people hatred of the English.
As early as this year (Pursh pref. xiv to p. 228, and Baldw. p. 329-32), John Leconte residing
thirty-nine miles South of Savannah, meeting with Gerardia aphylla (Baldw. 155), Utricularia
striata.
“ Apri l” (biogr. not., and pref. p. vii), Nuttall landing at Philadelphia, and on the following day
mistaking a Smilax for a passion-flower his attention was directed to Botany. Before the close of
the season, he made an excursion in the Delaware peninsula as far as Dagsborough and Lewiston,
meeting with Lobelia paludosa, Gyznnopogon brevifolhcs (A. Gray).
“ In this year ” (Spreng.), Turpin and Poiteau publishing their Flore des environs de P a ris ,—
the seventh and last number “ in 1809.” ' '
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Fieri publishing his Corcir. flor. cent. i.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), F. R. de Tussac publishing his Flor. des antilles, — completed “ in
1811.”
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Claude Louis Richard publishing his Analyse du fruit.
“ 1809, March 13th ” (Nicol. p. 207), decree of Napoleon uniting the Roman States to the
French empire : and ‘-July 5th or 6th,” pope Pius V I I . taken prisoner.
“ July 5th and 6th ” (Maunder), the Austrians defeated at Wagram by the French under Napoleon.
i'ollowed by the dissolution of his marriage with Josephine in “ December,” — marrying afterwards
in “■ April ” Maria Louisa, daughter of the Austrian emperor.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), F. Batard publishing his Flor. de Maine et Loire; — “ in 1812,” a
Supplement.
‘ ' In this year ” (Winckl ), Willdenow publishing his Enum. plant, hort. berol., including Ph iladelphus
grandiflorus, Gillenia stipulacea, Corydalis aurea. Aster simplex: “ Nov. 2 i s t ” (praef.),
the Fifth volume of his Sp. plant., comprising Equisetac., Lycopodiac., and ferns. — He died “ in
1812.”
In this year ( . . . . ) , having made the acquaintance of Dr. B. S. Barton who had conceived
the idea that there must be many unknown plants “ in the country beyond Lake Superior,” Nuttall
in company with John Bradbury ascending the Missouri from St. Louis to and beyond the Mandan
villages, meeting with Ranttncalus Purshii, Linum rigidum, Psoralea argophylla, Geum irifloz'utn,
Androsace Occidentalis, Hedeoma hispida, Cheilanthes dealbata, Batschia longiflora, Bumelia serrata,
Solanum [Nycterium) helerandruizi, Viola lYuítalHi, Evolvu lus Nuttaliii, Cymoptents acaulis,
Suaeda depressa, Gamassia Nzittallii, Yucca angusiifolia, Gaura coccinea, Oetiothera albicaulis
(Nutt.), Oe. pinnatifda, Eriogoimzn sericettm, E . pauciflorum, Bartonia nuda, Hyssopusfoenicuhcm,
Hedeoma hispida, Vesicaria argentea, Polatiisia graveolens, Dalea aurea, 1). laxiflora, Petalostemum
gracile, A mot pha canescens, Lathyrus decaphyllus, Psoralea cuspidata, Orobus longifolius, Glycyrrhiza
lepidot.i, Ilosackia sericea, Mzilgedium pulchellum, Troximum glattctun, T. cuspidatum, Hy-
menopappzis lenuifolius, Artemisia longifolia, A . Lzidoviciana, Iva axillaris, Erigeron pictnilum,
Actinella acaulis, Am e llu s? villosus, Rudbeckia columnaris, Oxybaphus angustifolius, Pulmonaria
lanceolata, Myosotis glomerata, Seseli divaricatum, Rumex venosus. Caches viviparzts j Pezitstemon
cristatzizn, ei'ianthera, angzzstifolzum, grannifloz-zizn; Castilleia sessili .ora, Stanleya piziziatifida.
Astragalus carnosas, A. racez/zosus, Phaca triphylla, Oxytropis Laznberti, Prenanthes jzmcea; Poly-
* Dicliptera ciliaris of Madagascar. Known to grow there in arid situations (A. Dec.) ; and
from transported specimens described by A. L. Jussieu in ann. mus. ix. (Winckl.). Occurs also in
Guayana and at Pernambuco and Bahia (Nees in Dec. prodr.), probably carried by European
colonists.
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