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Crete and Southern Greece. Westward, the “ anthrahnën agrian ” is further identified in Syn. Diosc.,
and by Pliny, with the “ illëkëvran” of the Romans; “ illecebrae ” is prescribed against calculus by
Scribonius Largus, and according to Pliny xxv. 103 is besides collected for food : S. stellatum is
described by Camerarius hort. pl. 2, and Columna phyt. pl. 11 ; is termed “ s. echinatum vel stella-
tuin flore a lbo” by Tournefort inst. 263 ; and is known to grow in Italy and Southern France (Pers.,
and Spreng. ; see S. telephium, aud S. altissimum).
Bupleurum junceum of the Mediterranean countries. The name “ bupleuro” is given in Italy
to an allied species (Lenz), but the BOYnAEYPON or BOYnPHCTICof i Mul, morb. 619, commended
as food by “ Hippocrates,” — Lycon, Epaenetus, Antigonus, and as medicine by “ Glaucon,
and Nicander (Plin. xxii. 35), seems referred here by Dodoens: the “ vôuprëstis ” herb is men-
boned also by Theophrastus vii. 7. 3, and Galen : B. junceum “ a foot and a half high ” was observed
by Sibthorp near Smyrna, Westward, the “ bupleuron ” classed by the Greeks among spontaneous
potherbs, is according to Pliny xxii. 35 a cubit high with numerous long leaves and “ capite anethi : ”
B. junceum is described by Dodoens pempt. pl. 633 ; is termed “ b. annuum angustifolium ” by
Tournefort inst. 310, “ isophyllum junceum” by Hoffmann, as observed by him in Germany; is
known to grow also in Italy, Switzerland, and France (Pers.).
Laserpilmtn stler of the mountains of middle and Eastern Europe. The CECEA I :MACCAA I Í 2
TIKON prescribed in i Mul. morb. loS, — having according to Dioscorides “ marathrö’’-like leaves,
an “ anëthô’’-like umbel, fruit quickly “ thrimus ” acrid or bitter, and in the added Synonyms iden^
tifiedwith the “ sphagnon,” is referred here by Valerius Cordus (Sp reng.): L. siler'was observed
by Sibthorp at Delphi and on other high mountains of Greece, the seeds as in all the species
intensely bitter. Westward, is described by C. Bauhin pin. 162, and Morison ix. pl. 3 ; is termed
“ hp.sticum quod seseli officinarum” by Tournefort inst. 323; and is known to grow in Austria,
Switzerland, and France (Jacq. austr. pl. 145, and Pers.).
Seseli tortuosum of the Mediterranean countries. The “ sësëli massalëôtikôn ” — is however
referred here by Anguillara, Maltliioli, Lobel, Clusius, and Sprengel : S. tortuosum is known to grow
in Albania (Fraas) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Gittard, in Greece ; and by Pallas, and Gueiden-
staedt farther East (Steud.). Westward, is described by Anguillara, Lobel adv. 352, and Bauhin
hist, iii.p l. 16; is termed “ foeniculum tortuosum” by Tournefort inst. 311 ; is known to grow in
North Italy (Lenz) ; and was observed by Forskal near Marseilles.
le r u la Perstca of Persia. The sagapenum of commerce is called in Persian “ sagapina ” (Jao
de Sousa), in Arabic “ sekhbinedsch ” (Spreng.) ; in which we recognize the CArAHENOYof [ Mul.
morb. to8, described by Dioscorides as the juice of a Ferulaceous plant growing in Media, mentioned
also by Celsus, Galen, Marceilus, Oribasius, Paulus Aegineta, and in the days of Pliny xix. 15 used
for adulterating the “ laser ” asafoetida of Pensia, Media, and Armenia: “ sekhbinej ” is mentioned
by Rhazes, Avicenna, Ebn Baitar, and according to Mesue 79 is the product of a “ tree, an oleander
of the mountains.” F. Persica was sent from Persia by Michaux as the source of asafoetida; is
regarded by Nees and Ebermaier “ as one of the plants yie lding” this substance, and according to
Lindley “ probably with justice.”
^ Peucedanum nodosum of Crete. T h e A A Y K O Y : A I 0 I O n i K O Y whose root and frui ts are prescribed
in 1 Mul. morb. 56, — may be compared, one of the kinds of “ thaukos” being referred here
by Honorius Bellus (ad Clus. 301) : the “ thaukön thaphnôëithës krôkôën ” is enumerated by Theophrastus
ix. 15. 5 to 8 as growing in Arcadia and of excellent quality about Patras, heating, the root
black; and four kinds of “ dauci” are distinguished by Petronius Diodotus (Plin. xxv. 64): P. nodosum,
yellow-flowered, is described by Linnæus, and is known to grow on Crete, where it is extremely
rare (Pers., and .Spreng.). “ P. creticum” of Decandolle is regarded by Chaubard, as perhaps not
distinct, together with “ Ferula geniculata ” observed by him, and Fraas, on high mountains of the
Peloponnesus and Southern Greece, and by Gussone prodr. as far as Sicily.
Thapsia foetida of the Mediterranean countries. An Umbelliferous plant called in Greece
“ pôlukarpôs” (Sibth.); and pos.sibly the nOAYKAPHON prescribed in i Mul. morb. 90: — T .foe tid a
was observed by Sibthorp on Zacynthus and Cyprus. Westward, is described by Lobel ic. 780,
Morison ix. pi. 18, and Blackwell pl. 459 ; and is known to grow in Spain (Pers. ; see T. Garganica,
and Opopanax chironium).
Crucianella Monspehaca of the Mediterranean countries. A Rubiaceous plant called in Ger-
many “ kreuzblatt,” in Greece “ agriösitarö ” (Fraas) ; and the “ pölukarpön ” in question — is identified
by Galen with the “ krataiôgônôn,” described by Theophrastus ix. 18. 6 as springing up like
“ linón purinon ” its fruit as in “ këghrôs,” by Dioscorides as growing in shady bushy places and
very acrid, and referred here by Fraas: the “ krataiôgônôn” is identified in Syn. Diosc, with the
“ krataionön,” is mentioned also by Paulus Aegineta ; C. Monspeliaca was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in hilly situations from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek
islands ; is khown to grow also in Palestine (Pers.). Westward, the “ crataeogonon ” is described liy
Pliny xxvii. 40 as “ spicae tritici simile ” with many much-geniculated stems from one root, yet his
account seems chiefly taken from the Greek: C. Monspeliaca is termed “ rubeola supina spica longis-
sima” by Tournefort inst. 130 ; and is known to grow in Southern France (Pers.).
Pidicaria dysenterica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain feabane
(Prior and Lindl.); and the KO N YZ H C : H A YO C M 0 Y prescribed in i Mul. morb. 108, — o r “ ëuô-
thous ” of Apollonius (Galen comp. med. loc. ii. i), may be compared : P. dysenterica was observed
by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in moist places from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward,
the leaves of the coronary “ conyzae feminae ” according to Pliny xxi. 32 have the odour of honey :
the “ policarie ” is mentioned by iPranciscus Pedemontium : P. dysenterica is termed “ aster pratensis
autumnalis conyzae folio ” by Tournefort inst. 482, “ inula conyzaea ” by Lamarck fl. fr. ; was observed
by Scopoli in Carniolia, by Allioni in Piedmont (Steud.) ; and is known to grow throughout middle
Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pL 410, and Pers.). The herb according to Lindley is “ more
or less woolly or cottony, glutinous, with a peculiar acid aromatic scent, somewhat like the flavour of
peaches ; ” and according to Keith cured the Russian army of dysentery (Linn. fl. suec. 294), but its
medicinal virtues are discredited by Haller.
Onosma echioides of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A Boragineous plant called in
Greece “ vrahotzikla ” (Fraa s); by whom the CX E A I A C ; M E T A A H of i Mul. morb. l o i— is referred
here conjecturally : O. echioides was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the
Peloponnesus to the shores of the Black S ea ; and is known to grow farther East (Bieb.). Wes tward,
is termed “ symphytum echii folio ampliore radice rubra flore lu teo ” by Tournefort inst. 138 ;
was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pl. 295,
and Pers.).
Satureja ju lia n a of the Mediterranean countries. A species of savouiy called in Greece
“ ussöpö ” (Sibth.), in Egyptian “ pësalëm ” (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the Y CCQnOCo f
3 Mul. morb. 490, — Nicander ther. 872, Cratevas (Anguillar. 198). produced according to Dioscorides
of the best quality in Cilicia; S. juliana was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding
on Crete and the Peloponnesus. Westward, the “ ussöpös ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the
“ ussöpöum ” or “ latër ” or “ kassiala ” of the Romans ; “ hyssopum ” is mentioned as edible by
Celsus ii. 21, “ vinum hyssopiten ” by Columella xii 35, and “ hyssopum cum vino decoctum ” by
Pliny xxvi. I I : S. juliana is described by Matthioli p. 693, and Cæsalpinus xi, 39 (Spreng.) ; is
termed “ thymbra Sancti Juliani sive satureja v e r a ” by Tournefort inst. 198 ; and is known to grow
wild in Italy (Pers., and Lenz).
Satureja Groeca, regardedby Bory as perhaps not distinct, is also called in Greece “ ussöpö,”
but sometimes “ thröumpi,” and by the Turks “ supha ” (Forsk.) ; was observed by Alpinus exot.
pl. 264, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on Crete and the Peloponnesus : eating “ Greek hyssop ” is mentioned
in the Talmud (Kitt. bibl. cycl. ii. 533) ; “ zufa ” is compared with maiorana by Isaac Ebn
Amran, with thyme by Mesue; and “ hyssopus ” from Palestine, and “ syrupus hyssopi ” called
“ scherab zufe,” were found by Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally in Egypt. A. nervosa, also
regarded by Bory as not distinct, was observed by Sibthorp on Zacynthus and called there “ ëzôpôn ; ”
and by Desfontaines pl. 121 on the Atlas mountains (Pers ).
Satureja montana of the iMediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ santoreggia” or at Verona
“ isop o” (Lenz ); in which we recognize the “ ussöpöum” of the Romans identified througli Syn.
Diosc. with the “ ussöpös ” in question : — the “ ôrëinë ” kind distinguished by Dioscorides, seems
to correspond : S. montana was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos ; and is known to grow farther
East (Pall., and Steud.). Westward, is termed “ calamintha frutescens saturejæ folio facie et odore”
by Tournefort inst. 194 ; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy ; and is known to grow in other parts
of Southern Europe (Pers.).
Ziziphora capitata of the East Mediterranean countries. The n O A Y K N HMO N of i Mul.
morb. 90, whose leaves are prescribed in Sterilib. 24, — nientioned also by Nicander, and fragrant
according to Dioscorides, is referred here by Fraas : Z. capitata is described by Plukenet aim. pl.
164; is termed “ thymus humilis latifolius” by Buxbaum cent. iii. pl. 51 ; was observed by Sibthorp,
and Fraas, from Boeotia to Cyprus; is known to grow also in Syria, Armenia, and Siberia (Pers.).
Westward, the “ pôluknëmôn” or “ klinôpëthiôn ” or pölugönatön ” or “ thios ëlakatë ” or “ ëhëônu-
mon” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ pöutialögönthria ” of the Romans ; the “ polycnemon”
is mentioned also by Pliny xxvi. 88, but his account seems taken from Dioscorides.
Chenopodiuni {Agathophytuvi) bonus-hcnricus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia.
Called in Britain wild spinage (Petiv.) or allgood or good henry, in Holland “ goeden henrik,”
by Cordus “ weyss heyderich ” or “ gut heynrich,” in Germany “ guter heinrich” (Prior) or
“ schmerbel,” in Old French “ sars ” or “ sarron ” or “ serrones,” in Switzerland “ mangauns ” or
“ vaungas” or “ voung as” or “ heilraeln” (A. Dec.), in Greece “ agriöspanakia ” (S ib th .); and
possibly the ANAPA' tAZIAOC : A f P lHC whose fruit is prescribed in i Mul. morb. 31 ,—