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4 4 0 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
down to Athoulen to sacrifice to Jupiter, Mars, and Neptune on account of mariners, and here in the
+mry, ple'+ig®n ”” (0C os'"mft'. Ind. ii. p. 142). ft dedicate this carved seat to Mars in the twent^y -seventh yj ea‘tri ouxf
Hinc0 ta+'ft' (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Devanica reigning in
rdioom of the c7ity” granted to tChlei nSt.t)a, teins rIteamlya, inthine gM ina raslilaeng iaonr cSeo. cial war ; and by the Romans, the freeata
ndfr t7h eT Ro' m ans.f t- —■ ■Ttohtaeft ftwft"a'''r^ ccoonmtimnueendc etmweenntt yo-fs iwxa yre ianr sA. sia between Mithridates V I. king of Pontus
fZZScuLtdT/ar iaB am uta//s of the East Mediterranean countries. The “ scordotin” or “ scordion ” htgh uith the stem quadrangular and branchy “ quernaPe' rsóinms iliintu Pdoinnet ufso lainisd lbainttuegri ntoo stihse ” t-as t(eL, ean aceuubsi t
and 1 hn. xxv. 27), may be compared : S. orientalis is described by Commelyn rar. pl. 30 ; is termed
SibU ÏnL U U h / ? Tournefort tra v .ii.p l. 129; was observed by
/u m L im .+OTdium)ft''''''" E™Pus, and is known to grow also in Armenia (Pers. ; see S. hirta, and
Agrimonm eufatoria of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain agrimony (Prior) in
£ ■ 0 0 ” (Gneb), ,n France “ aigremoine ” (Nugent), in Italy “ agrimonia ” or “ eu’pata
io ( L e t //m Greece “ phônôhôrtôn ” or by the Turks “ cojtin otî,” in which we recognize the
w iT h '/" ? T " VI. _ ( P l i n . X X V . 29), described by Dioscorides as suffruticose
0 p ëX ntapThulllo u and “ kannav'"ë°ô™s,” 's"eSe'dF dft®is"p''®o"s ed along t'’h"et® s tefim"® hairym oarned paadrhtse rainngd tloik eg atrhmoseen tso f■
A. eupator'a was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantlnoplelo Smyrna
and the Peloponnesus. Farther South, the “ gafet ” is mentioned by Avicenna, Serapion, Ebn Baitar
and s}mup of ghafe or “ agrimonia ” is enumerated by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., as employed
m edm m allyinE gypt. Westward, the “ ëupatôriôn ” or “ ëpatôrion” or “ ëpatitis” is identified in
the Syn. D iosc. with the “ ouoloukroum maious” of the Romans : the “ agrimonia” is mentioned by
Celsus V . 27.^ 10; the “ agrimonium” by Matthæus Sylvaticus pand. f. 9, and “ egremoine ” by
Chaucer (Prior) ; A. eupatoria is termed “ a. officmanim ” by Tournefort inst. 301, and is known to
grow along roadsides in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pl. 588
Pers. and Wats.). Eastward from Greece, is known tq grow in Siberia (W ats.); was observed b1
Thunberg m Japan, and called “ daikon so ” or “ binke so.” Possibly by European colonists carried
to Northeast America but was observed by Josselyn prior to 1670 in New England, by myself from
Lat. 45 to 39 beyond Philadelphia chiefly in bushy places along roadsides. According to Lindley
■ is celebrated as a vermifuge,” and i.s “ a common ingredient in ‘ herb teas.’ ”
Geum coccineum of the East Mediterranean countries. — The “ ëupatôriôn” by some called
/rgëm ôn ën from its scarlet flower (D iosc. ii. 207 and iv. 41). may be compared: also the
thaer gkeinmdo no f “o arr gecmaonnainaa ” lawphpoas ”e droisocto hvaesr etdh eb yo dMouinr eorfv a“, tahcucso :r d” inGg. toco cPcliinnyei ixmx ivis. t1e1r6m aendd “ xcxavr yo5p6h yoi-r
ltahtea Boirtiheynntaialins fOlolryem mpuasg.n o coccíneo” by Tournefort cor. 20, and was observed by Sibthorp pl. +4 8c3 ^o n^
Valeriana Dioscoridis of foe East Mediterranean countries. The $ 0 Y of the antidote of Mithridates,—
and those of Marcianus, and Servilius Damocrates, mentioned also by Cassius ant bv
Andromachus as from Pontus (Scrihon. Larg. 170 to 177, and Gal. antid.), by Dioscorides as »ro/in»
m lon tu s and sometimes called “ agrian narthon,” a cubit or more high with a hollow stem leave?
like those of -‘ ëlaphovoskô” or “ ipposëlinô,” flowers purplish-white, and the root stron»-scented
(as might be inferred from the name), is referred liere by Sibthorp and others: the “ pliu” is
described by Phny xii. 26 as imported from Crete, a root resembling birds’ feet, in other respects his
account seems taken from Dioscorides: V. Dioscoridis was observed by Hawkins, and Chaubard,
irom Lycia to the Greek islands ; and is known to grow along tlie Taurian mountains (Bieb ) The
podleoausra not.f’ the root according to Lindley is “ almost like that of Valeriana officin,alis, but less un-
Boletus laricis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy “ a»arico ” or
“ agarico officinale ” (Lenz), in which we recognize the A TA P I KO N of the antidote of Mithridates
- a n d those of Antipater, ami Martianus (Scribon. Larg. 167 to 177, and Galen antid. ii.), or the
agarikon arren described by Dioscorides as growing in Agaria in Sarmatia, roundish and wholly
concrete : the “ agaricum” is described by Pliny xvi. 13 and xxv. 57 as a white fragrant “ fungus’’
growing high up on frees and shining at night, the kind from Gani being weaker than that froin the
Bosphorus: B. Iaricis is termed “ agaricus sive fungus laricis” by Tournefort inst. 562; is known
to grow m Switzerland, France, and throughout middle Europe (Michel, gen. pl. 61 Jacq austr i
pl. 20, Bulliard pl. 296, and Lenz) ; in the absence of the larch, was observed by Sibthorp in Boeotia
OF AC COM PA N Y ING A N IM A LS A N D P L A N T S. 441
in Greece; and according to Sprengel, the best kind continues to be imported from the Ural mountains
and Syria.
“ The same year” (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 390 to 399), in Egypt, Cleopatra put to death by
her son Ptolemy IX. Who was driven into exile by the populace, and his brother Ptolemy VIII.
restored as king.
In a Greek inscription at Talmis in Nubia, Silco styles himself king of the Ethiopians and
“ Noubadre,” and boasts of victories over the “ Blemyes : ” regarded as a branch of the Bischari. —
A very late inscription in barbarous Greek also occurs here (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 242).
The Egyptian gods, Osiris, Isis, Nephthys, Atmu, and others on the pyramids at Meroe, not
adopted “ previous to-lhe First century B. C .; and the same throughout the island of Meroe, Naga,
and” other places in Upper Nubia (Leps. eg. and sin. 152).
The Sinaitic inscriptions the work of the inhabitants of tlie country during the first centuries
before — and after our Era; some being cut over more ancient Greek names, and not unfrequently
Chri.stian crosses are in connexion (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 296 to 311, and 553). Cosmas Indicopleustes
is quoted for evidence that at the time of his visit,, “ about 535 A. D .,” the Sinai from which
the law was given was believed to be the mountain called at the present day “ Serbal.” Ruppel
mentions sacrifices on Mount Serbal by the Arabs, and found the highest point “ 6342 French feet”
above the sea. Lepsius found on the mountain a place overgrown with “ habak” {Mentha?') and
other sweet-smelling herbs, and translates the name, “ Serb Bal ” palm-grove of Baal.
“ 88 B. C.” (Liv., Biair, and C lint), commencement of civil war among the Romans, between
Marius and Sulla.
“ In this year” (Mahanam. mahav., and Max Miill. p. xix.), accession of Vattagamani, now king
of Ceylon. — He reigned until “ 76.”
The Nukuhivan or Marquesas Islands colonized from Vavau by Oataia and his wife Ananoona;
bringing with them breadfruit and sugar-cane and a great variety of other plants,* “ eighty-eight generations
before — their lineal descendant Keatanui; the chief who made this statement to captain D.
Porter 49 (H ale ethiiogr. Expl. Exp. 129).
About this time (Strab. xvii. 3. 5 to 7), expedition of Bogus king of Mauritania against the
“ Western Ethiopians,” Negro tribes South of the Desert.
The P I Z e I C met with, in shape resembling a bull and in size and strength an elephant, accord-
* Spondias dulcis of the Papuan archipelago. Tlie vi-plum is a large tree called in Tongan,
Samoan, Taheitian, and Nukahivan “ vi ” (H ale); carried to the Nukahivan Islands perhaps by the
first colo n ists:— observed by Forster prodr. 198 on the .Jabeitian Islands; by myself, abundantly
naturalized on Metia and Taheiti, also abundant and perfJaps naturalized on the Samoan Islands,
regularly cultivated on Tongatabu, and said to be cultivated in a single locality on the Feejeean
Islands, discordant throughout from its deciduous foliage, and evidently exotic. Farther W est, is
described by Rumphius i. pl. 60, was observed also by Sonnerat ii. pl. 123. By European colonists,
was carried to the Hawaiian Islands, stocks “ brought from T aheiti” observed by Brackenridge in
the garden of a resident White ; to the Philippines, where it has become well known and is called
in Tagalo “ sirihuelas,” from the Spanish “ ciruelas” (B lanco); to the Mauritius Islands, planted
around dwellings (Pers., and Boj.) ; and by Nimmo by the way of “ B engal” to the environs of
Bombay (Graham).
E rythrina seu-pen-lai of the Papuan archipelago. — Tlie only other deciduous tree observed
on the islands of the Pacific ; an unarmed coral-lree, sometimes forty feet high, naturalized near the
sea on Taheiti and Aimeo, planted near dwellings on the Samoan and Tongan Islands, planted
and also naturalized on the Feejeean Islands, and planted within the limits of the town on Sulu.
E. seu-pen-lai is described by Mason v. 409 as “ a small tree covered with large scarlet blossom s”
and “ very ornamental,” “ often seen in the neighbourhood of Karen villages from Mergui to the Red
Karen country.”
Ficus prolixa of the Papuan archipelago. A tree called in Taheitian “ aoa,” in Samoan “ ’o’a,”
in Tongan “ koka ” (H ale) : known to the first colonists of the Nukahivan Islands, for they retained
its Tongan name “ koka” as the word for black or blue, applied to cloth : — F. prolixa was observed
by Forster on the Taheitian Islands (Pers.) ; by myseif on the Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean
Islands, in all instances planted, from its bark according to Flale “ a brown dye is obtained for staining
cloth.”
Ficus tinctoria of the Papuan archipelago? A tree called on Taheiti “ m at!” (Bertero), and
probably known toth e first colonists of the Nukahivan Isla n d s:— observed by Forster prodr. on
the Taheitian Islands (P ers.) ; by myself, on Taheiti, planted near the dwellings of the natives; and
this or the preceding species seen by Rich on the Union and Tarawan clusters of coral-islands.
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