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780 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
of Siberia from the vicinity of the White Sea to the Yenisei* having come according to their own
account from the East. — Soujef found them resembling the Tungusi and having coarse black hair
■with very little beard (Mongolians), keeping reindeer, bnt living by hunting, and sometimes fishing;
having “ tadib ” magicians, called in at funerals but any one pronouncing the name of a dead man
becontes the mortal enemy of the whole family, though the name is preserved and given to a child of
the second or third generation. Each Samoyede has an idol in his tent ; and the women bury the
placenta in some by-place, beyond the reach of beasts of prey.
Polygonum viviparum of the Arctic region and mountains farther South. Called in Sweden
“ mortog” or “ swingras ” (Linn,), its root from early times collected in summer by the Samoyedes,
and eaten with the flesh of reindeer and wild game— (Gmelin) ; the plant is mentioned by Matthioli
674 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ bistorta minima” by Bauhin hist. iii. 539, “ b. alpina media et minor” by
C. Bauhin pin. 192, and Tournefort inst. 511, is known to grow from Lapland “ to 56°” at or near the
sea-level and farther South on the mountains of middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 13, Engl. bot. pl. 669, Pers.,
and Wats.), also in Russia and Siberia (Amm., and Pall.) : was observed by Rudbeck the younger,
and Linnæus, in Lapland and Sweden ; by Haller, and Decandolle, on the mountains of Switzerland ;
by Sibthorp, on the mountains of the Peloponnesus ; by Bieberstein, on mount Alwar in Armenia;
by Pallas at Lake Baical ; by Gmelin, throughout Siberia to Kamtchatka. Westward, by Sabine
from Spitzbergen to Greenland (Hook.) ; is known to grow on Melville Island in Arctic America
(Wats.); was observed by . . . . in Labrador (Pursh) ; by Oakes and myself, on the alpine portion
of the White mountains ; by E. James, on the Rocky mountains ; by Mertens, at Norfolk Sound on
the Pacific ; and according to A. Gray, grows as far South as the “ shore of Lake Superior.”
“ The same year” (Nicol), in a synod at Kherna in Armenia, Obedience was promised by the
Armenian church to the pope.
The Piana affluent of the Volga (according to Pallas trav. i. 76) received its name at the time of
the wars between tlie Russians and the Mordouan princes; and a ruined intrenchment opposite Lopa-
tina probably belongs to the same period. — He found the Mordovians nearly all converted to Christianity
ancl differing from the Russians only in language and the dress of the women.
Adonis vernalis of the Uralian plains. Yellow-flowered, and from early times employed m dye-
in» by the Mordouans, Tchouvaches, and Tartars, — (Pall trav. i. 94 to iii. 26) : observed by Pallas
i.?4 to iii, 26 on the Volga and in West Siberia; by Crantz in Austria, and known to grow as far
West as France (Mill. diet. pl. 14, Pers., and Steucl).
Rubus saxatilis of Northern climates. Called by the Mordouans “ eidalopart,” and from early
times used medicinally, - observed by Pallas i. 110 at 55° on the Volga and Ural ; by Bieberstein, on
Caucasus. -Westward, by Clusius Ii6 ; is known to grow from Switzerland to Britain (Smith fl. 545),
Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 134), and Lfipland (Wats.) ; was observed by Hooker on Iceland ; by Michaux,
from Hudson’s Bay to the seashore of Canada ; by Pursh, from Canada to the mountains of
New York and Virginia; by Bigelow, in the environs of Boston (Dec.) ; by Torrey as far as 41° on
the Hudson ; by myself, from 46° near Montreal to 40° along the Atlantic ; and was received by A.
Gray from Wisconsin. , „ , - , Stellaria dichotoma of the Uralian plains. Called by the Mordouans “ souti-aat, and from early
times employed medicinally in decoction —(Pall. trav. i. no); known to grow also in Siberia (Smith
ined. pl. 14). , „ , r 1 Acer tartaricum of the Uralian plains. A shrub called at Samara “ neclenn,” known from early
times, —and observed on the Lower 'Volga by Pallas trav. i. 234.
Anemone (Pulsatilla') patens of the Uralian plains. Called at Samara on the Volga “ odnome-
setschnik” throughout Siberia “ vetrenitza” wind-flower (Pall), and from early times used in dyeing,
— observed by Pallas i. 225 to iii. 25 from the Volga to the Irtich, vernal and fugacious; known to
grow Westward as far as Silesia (Pers.).
Anemone sylvestris of the Uralian plains. Called on the Lower Volga “ ovetschié kounichko,
and known from early times, —observed by Pallas i. 257 abundant and forming streaks on the plains.
* Arctostaphylos alpina of the Arctic region and mountain-summits farther South. A dwarf
shrub called by the Russians at the mouth of the Obi “ amprick,” known from early times, — and
observed by Soujef (Pall trav. iv. 34) ; observed by Gmelin on the mountains of Verchotiiria, Olec-
mense and at Ochotsk ; by Baumgarten i. 365-011 the mountains of Transylvania; and known to
»row in Lapland (Wats ), Finland and Sweden (Fries), Scotland (Lightf. pl. 11), on the Swiss Alps,
and on the Pyrenees (Clus. pann, 77. Uec., and A. Dec.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on
Iceland - by Parry, at Five-hawser Bay; by Lapylaie, on Newfoundland; by Oakes, on the While
mountains; was received by A. Gray from mount Katahdin ; is known to grow on the Rocky mountains
(Wats.) ; and was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha.
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 781
Spiroea crenata of the Uralian plains. A handsome shrub called at Samara “ tavolga,” known
from early times, —and observed on the Lower Volga by Pallas i. 235 : known to grow as far West
as Hungary (Pers.).
Bunias Orientalis of the Uralian plains. A tall Cruciferous plant called on the Lower Volga
“ dikaia retka,” and from early times its stem eaten crude, — observed by Pallas i. 276 frequent
throughout ; by Gmelin iii. pl. 57, in Siberia ; known to be frequent also about Caucasus and through
Southern Russia as far as Transylvania (A. Dec.), Livonia and Lithuania (Ledeb.), Galicia (Zawad-
ski), and Northeastern Germany (Koch, and Rohl). Was received by Linnæns from Russia, but
“ in 1779” was found by Retz fl. scand. 128 springing up spontaneously in Scandinavia; “ in 1819”
had become frequent in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. . .), and “ in 1820” a pernicious
weed at Upsal that could not be extirpated (Walilenb.) : in Belgium, after being cultivated became
naturalized “ before 1827” (Lestib.); was observed by Lejeune “ in 1824” in clefts of rocks near
Limbourg, Dison, and other places, “ exotic and naturalized ; ” and from at least “ 1827,” when mentioned
by Chevalier as seemingly naturalized, has become clearly naturalized around Paris (Mut., and
Cosson).
Hieracium Sibericum oi the Uralian plains. Called on the Lower Volga “ skerda,” by Baschkirs
“ chaké,” and from early times its stem eaten crude, — observed by Pallas i. 276 to ii. 28 frequent
there as far as Oufa ; by Gmelin ii. pl, 10, in Siberia (Pers.).
Lychnis Chalcedonica of the Uralian plains. The scarlet lychnis is called on the Lower Volga
“ dikoe mouilo ” or “ koukouschkino,” or simply “ koukouts ” soap, from foaming in water so as to be
used like soap, — observed there by Pallas trav. i. 282 to 299. Transported to Europe, is termed
“ flos constantinopolitanus” by Dodoens . . . , and Lobel hist. 183 ; is described also by Dalechamp
pl. 820, Gerarde, and Parkinson ; has become a favourite garden flower, known even in Japan
(Thunb.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens.
Hedysarum grandiflorum of the Uralian plains. A beautiful species, known from early times,
— observed by Pallas iii. 490 abundant on the Lower Volga, becoming rare on the Irtich. Termed
“ astragalus grandiflorus ” by Linnæus (Steud ).
Trifolium spadiceum of Sweden and Germany. Resembling T. agrarium, but the flowers ferruginous
; employed medicinally by the Mordouans — (Pall. trav. i. no): termed “ t. pratense flore
rufescente” by Vaillant paris 196, but hardly known beyond the limits of Sweden and Germany
(Smith in Sibth.) : observed by Linnæus in mountain meads as far as Upsal ; by Schreber pl. (Pers.),
probably in Germany.
Centaurea jacea of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden “ knap-
par” or “ hattar” or “ gohlschjadra,” and from early times used for dyeing wool yellow (Linn.), and
by the Mordouans medicinally —(Pall. i. no): termed “ jacea nigra pratensis latifolia” by C. Bauhin
pin. 271, and known to occur in meads and fallow ground throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl 519,
Engl bot. pl 1678, and Pers.): observed by Linnæus in Sweden, frequent in fallow ground and
sunny meads as far as Scania ; by Sibthorp, on mount Athos.
“ 1332 A. D. (= I992d of Synmu,” art de verif.), civil war and resignation of the dairo Daigo II.
in favour of Kouo-gien ; who received a visit from the cubo Takaudsi ; — but at the end of two years,
re-established Daigo II. in office.
As early perhaps as this year (Pall. trav. iv. 51), a fortified city of the Ostiaks in existence at
Langivach on the Lower Obi, — but Soujef found there only a single but inhabited “ iourten.” The
Ostiaks, one of the first people of Siberia with whom the Russians came in contact, are a nation of
fishermen along the Lower Volga, mostly having reddish or blond hair (White Race), dwelling in
villages along the river from three hundred versts below Tobolsk to the gulf, but having dog-sledges
for travel in winter, herds also of reindeer belonging to the more wealthy. Soujef found the Ostiaks
simple-minded, timid, full of prejudices, and very uncleanly in their mode of living; they practise
tattooing, and burn a dried fungus on the skin as a substitute for moxa; have hereditary chiefs, not
much regarded after the Russian conquest; also schamans or priest-sorcerers ; perform religious
rites to the dead, and to certain mountains and trees ; and the idol most venerated by them and the
Samoyedes near the Obi is in the Voksarsko'i country “ seventy versts” North of Obdorsk and
“ 67°,” is composed of two persons, male and female, and is carefully concealed from the Russians.
^ Empetrum nigrum of Arctic and Subarctic climates. A diminutive spreading shrub having the
alpine or Arctic aspect, though extending into lower latitudes, called in Britain crow berry or crake
berry from the Danish “ krake btir ” (Prior), in Sweden “ krak-ris ” or “ krakling ” or “ skraken " or
“ lopireris ” (Linn.), by the Russians at the mouth of the Obi “ vodæniza ” and by the Siberians
tochikscha” (Soujef), and known from early times: —termed “ erica baccifera” by Clusius pan. 29,
“ e. b. procumbens nigra ” by C. Bauhin pin. 436, and known to grow in Arctic and Subarctic Europe
and Asia, and on the mountains of Switzerland (Petiv. 72, fl. dan. pl. 975, Engl. bot. pl. 526, and
I’ers.) : observed by Scheffer, and Linnæus, frequent in cold sterile places in Lapland and Sweden;