870 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
small low islands full of palme trees and grasse” and anchoring in the midst called them “ Jardim ; ”
finding the natives brutish, without laws and without industry, “ in marua.lous £ re of £ £ £ 1 ;
they neuer saw any,” living on fish and “ cocos,” wearing “ white clothing whmh they make £
(Micronesians), and by means of shells scooping boats out of the trunks of fin es OTifted here at
certaine times of the yeere.” After leaving Saavedra died, and the ship put brek to Maluco.
. “ The same year” (Alst. p. 30S), Vienna besieged by the Turks urter Suliman I .
“ In this year” (Spreng.), count Hermannus, a Novenaar, writing his Epist. on plants ^
Leontodon autumnale of Northern Europe and Asia. The fa ll dandelion is called £ ' Gipsies
“morsus diaboli minor,” in Hesse “ summer dorn,'’ and is included m the “ apostematica £
Hermann de Neuenare — (Trag. i. Si to 87) : A, autumnale is described also by Fuchsius 3-0 pl. ,
is termed “ hieracium chondrillæ folio glabro radice succisa majus ” by
is known to grow from Lapland ancl Russia throughout middle Europe (fl Dan. pl. 501, Eityh bot. p .
8ao Lara. fl. fr,, Vill., and Wats.) ; was observed by Forskal around Constantinople. Westwar£
by Hooker on Iceland ; was received by him from Newfoundland ; and clearly by European colonists
was carried to New England, where it has become naturalized, and frequent m grassy si nations.
“ i-ao Apr 8th ” (Alst.), general Assembly at Augsburg, On account ot the Turkish war and the
religious dissensions in Germany. The Augustan Confession, written by Melanchthon anc £££££>
by Luther, was submitted by the Protestants to the meeting ; a “ Refutation was read : ancl Chailes V.
made an address, Requiring the Protestants to return to the Chm'ch. The session was ’
and after futile attempts at reconciliation, several princes left and formed treaties with the £ £
cities for mutual protection. In view of the approachi^ vOTe for “ king of the
of Saxony, a Protestant meeting was convened seven days beforehand, at Smalcald Eec. .2cl, art a
General federation formed ; let/rs being sent even to the kings of France, England, and Denmark.
“ The same year” (Alst), the Capucin Order of monks confirmed by pope Clemens V II. And
bv Charles V. (Blair), the island of Malta, given to the Knights of St John. ^ ^
“ The same year” (Alst. p. 2S4), by king Francis, professors of languages instituted at Pans .
one o f w h om , F r a n c is c u s V a ta b lu s , w a s s k il le d in H eb re cw
“ The same year” (Churchill coll ), sailing from the Pacific side of the Isthmus of the rtcon 1
expedition of Francisco Pizarro. Following the coast South, “ and falling upon the town of Quapel,
he t o o k a v a s t b o o t y oi gold, silver, a n d ei/ieraulds:’
“ I c a t A D ” (C ie z . l ix ) , b y F r a n c is c o P iz a r ro , fo u n d in g o f th e c i ty o f S a n M ig u e l near the
N o r th e rn b o u n d a ry o f P e ru an d th e fir s t c ity e s ta b lish e d in th a t co u n t r y b y th e S p a n ia rd s . - P iz a r ro
n ar r f. 16 t r a v e lle d inland to C a x am a lc a and X a u x a “ in 1 5 3 3 .” , f „
“ The same year” (Schomb. edit. Ralegh), the Orinoko ascended by Diego de Ordaz as fat as
the # 0 ™'; (Alst.p. 308), Vienna for the second time besieged by the Turks under Suliman I I.
“ June 4th” (Alst.), meeting of the Protestants at Frankfort. Swiss cities desiring to join the
Federation, w e r e e x c lu d e d on a lle g e d d o c t r in a l d if fe r e n c e s . , . r 1 - » re
“ In th is year " l e t t e r o f H ie ro n ym T r a g u s to h is “ am ico e t d om in o O h o B ru n fe ls io o f M a y e
n c e in w h ich h e con firm s the s ta tem en t, T h a t tim “ an g e licam e t a s t ra n c iam are u n d e s cn b e d p lan ts .
BrunVels a t th is tim e (S p r e n g ., an d P r io r ) w r it in g h is N o v um H e rb a r ium , e n um e ia t in g ch am ae -
p ity s ” iii. 36, Veronica frostrata, Plantago crassa i. 25, Viola palustris 1. 137, Leucoium vernum x. 129,
pltonica stricta i. 88, “ u r t ic a in e r s f em in a ” i. 152, Lamium laevigatum, Mentha rubia xx. 76, cardo
p a r is ” iii 35 Carlina acaulis, “ c y n o g lo s s a m in o r ” i. 176, Myosotis fa lu stris {Gesn. i l fig. 77), Ofhrys
Iiyodes i . ' i f f i . - H e p u b lish e d tw o v o lum e s “ in .532,” d ied “ in IS34,” and th e th ird v o lum e w a s
’’ " “ f f i / f f i f f i r t f f i i/ f f i f f i t o h e ^ 'n io u n t a in s o f m id d le and W e s te r n E u r o p e . A n U m b e llife ro u s plant,
p ro b a b ly th e “ a s t r a n c iam ” o f B ru n fe ls a llu d ed to in th is le t te r : - A . m a jo r is k n o £ to g ro w on tlie
P v r e n e J s th e m ou n ta in s o f mid d le E u r o p e , an d th e A p p e n in e s as far a s T u s c a n y ( S c o £ , Irers and
N e e s ) . T r a n s p o r te d to B r ita in , w a s fo u n d in 1840-41 s e em in g ly wild n e a r Lm llow on th e b o id e i o f
Wales (A. Dec ). T h e roots according to Lindley are “ acrid and purgative.”
Veronica sficata o f E u r o p e an d th e a d jo in in g p o r tion o f A s ia D e s c n b e d b y B ru n fe ls i.i. 36
f S p r e n » ) ; te rm ed “ v . s p ic a ta m in o r ” b y C. B a u h in p in . 247 ( L in n . ) , an d 1 o u rn e fo r t m s t. 144. and
known# l o w th ro u g h o u t mid d le E u ro p e (O ed . fl. D .tn . p l. 52. E n g l . b o t. p , 2, and P e r s .) ; o b s e rv e d
b y L in n æ è s in d r y su n n y s itu a t io n s in Sw e d e n ; b y S jb th o rp , and C h a u b a rd , in the I e lo p om m su s . Sisvmbrium sofhia oi t h e G r a h a r x fx a x x - x s . An annual called in Germany welsomen (Iratchs.) ,
described by Brunfels iii. 170, —termed “ seriphium germanicum” by Tragus 338 (Spieng.), seii-
phium absinthium ” by Fuchsius pl. 2, “ s. annuum absinthii minoris folio by I ournefm't mst. 226 and
Lown to occur in waste places and along walls from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl.^ Dan.
pl. 528, Engl. bot. pl. 963, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubaid, m the
Peloponnesus and other parts of Greece.
Trifolium hybridum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Brunfels iii. 48
(Spreng.) ; termed “ t. orientale altissimum caule fistuloso flore albo” by Tournefort cor. 27, and
Vaillant par. pl. 22, and known to occur in cultivated and fallow ground from Sweden to the Mediterranean
(Micheli jrl. 25, Ehrh. phyt, 26, and Pers.) : observed by Linnæus by the roadside between
Stockholm and Upsal, also at Abo in Finland ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in meads in the Peloponnesus.
“ T. nigrescens, pallescens,” and “ Michelianum ” of Decandolle, are regarded by Chaubard
as not distinct. ^ „ Medicago lupulina of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Brunfels 111. 48,
— and Fuchsius pl. 819 (Spreng.), and'Dodoens pempt. 576; termed “ melilolus capsulis reni simili-
bus in capitulum congestis ” by Tournefort inst. 407 ; known to grow in Italy and throughout middle
Europe as far as Denmark, and in Britain from “ supposed superiority as fodder” called nonsuch (flor,
Dan. pl. 992, Savi, Engl. bot. pl. 971, Smith, and Prior). Eastward, observed by Sibthorp. and Chaubard,
in Southern Greece and Cyprus, and in cultivated ground around Athens and Constantinople.
From Europe, carried by colonists to Northeast America, where it continues to grow along roadsides
and in gi'ass-grown clearings in our Northern and Middle States.
Scilla bifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain siar-hyacinth
(Prior); termed “ hyacinthus martius” by Brunfels i. 184,—described also by Lonicer —(Spreng.
comm. Diosc.) ; termed “ ornithogalum bifolium germanicum cæruleum” by Tournefort inst. 380 ; and
known to grow from Britain throughout middle Europe (Lam, fi. fr., Scop., and Jacq. austr. pl. 117).
Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Hawkins, and Chaubard, from the mountains of Crete and the
Peloponnesus to Constantinople.
“ 1532, July 23d” (Alst.), in view of the Turkish invasion, agreement by the Assembly at Norim-
berg, To refer religious dissensions to a general Council to be convened by the pope. “ Aug. 2d,” the
dects’ion was approved by Charles V. : and in the Diet at Ratisbon, he pledged his influence with^ the
pope, to induce him to convene a general Council ; and in case of delay beyond the allotted time,
the matter should be referred to a future Diet of the Empire.
“ The same year” (Churchill coll.), in Mexico, by an armed expedition under Nunho de Guzman
proceeding Northwest, the provinces of Culiacan and Cinaloa discovered and subdued ; extending
along the Pacific to “ twenty-eight degrees of north latitude,”
“ In this year ” (Garc. de ia Vega ix, 33, and Markh.), under the pretense of journeying in state to
render homage to the Inca, Atahuallpa arriving with an army within a few leagues of Cuzco defeated
at Ouepaypa the forces of Huascar, and took him prisoner. Atahuallpa, being of mixed blood and a
native of Quito, could not lawfully inherit, but entering Cuzco he summoned all the Inca chiefs of the
Empire, and getting them in his power, sever.il hundred in number, put them to death.—(In the words
of an aged lèca cMef in conversation with Garcilasso de la Vega ix. 39, If Atahuallpa “ had been an
Inca, he not only would not have committed those cruelties and abominations, but he would not even
have’ imagined them ; for the tradition of our ancestors was to do harm to no man, not even to
enemies.”)
Atahuallpa was shortly afterwards captured by Pizarro ; yet liy an order from his place of confinement
caused the Inca Huascar to be put to death (Markh. edit. Ciez,).
“ ty33> June 30th” (Alst ), by the Protestant meeting at Smalcald, the proposed convening of a
general Council in some city in Italy, declined.
“ The same year” (Alst. p. 30S), Vienna for the third time besieged by the Turks under Suliman
II. —And as before, unsuccessfully. .
“ In this year” (Markham edit. Ciez. 35), Carthagena on the Gulf of Darien, not far from the
mouths of the Magdalena, founded by Pedro de Heredia,
“ Aug. 29th” (Markham edit. p. 300), Atahuallpa put to death by Pizarro. Who now, having
acquired control of the whole country, inaugurated Manco Inca at Cuzco.— Manco continued always
hostile to the Spaniards, but was unable to recover Cuzco, and “ in 1553” was succeeded by the pensioned
Inca Sayri Tupac.
“ In this year” (Spreng.), Cornelius Petrus of Leyden publishing his Annot. Diosc.,* mentioning
Veronica longifolia.
* Ribes nigrum of Northeast America. The black currant is mentioned by Cornelius Petrus —
(Spreng.), Dodoens, and Dalechamp; is termed “ ribes sylvestre” by Tragus (C. Bauh., and Willd.);
and is said to grow wild “ in some parts of Europe and Siberia” (fi. Dan., Pers., and Lindl ). Westward,
“ currants ” were seen along Massachusetts Bay by W. Wood i. 5 ; and “ black currents,” which
“ are reasonable pleasant in eating,” by Josselyn voy. 72; “ R. floridum” is known to grow from
Lat. 54° throughout Canada (Hook.); was observed by Pursh from Canada to Virginia; by myself,
from 44° to 42° along the Atlantic; by Torrey, as far as 41° on the Hudson; by A. Gray, in “ woods,
common ” in central New York ; by Beck, near St. Louis on the Mississippi ; and “ R. recurvatum’
by Michaux no “ ad ripas Larorum juxta sinum Hiidsonis ” (Pers.).
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